THE HIGHER CRYPTOGAMIA. 79 



fruit. This production takes place after the multiplication 

 of the apical cells of the young fruit in a longitudinal 

 direction lias terminated (PI. XII, fig. 8). The two 

 covering layers of cells form the capsnle-wall, having first 

 multiplied considerably by often repeated longitudinal and 

 transverse divisions which take place by septa perpendicular 

 to the outer surface. The capsule-wall, in consequence of 

 the rapid increase of the number of its cells, eventually 

 becomes hemispherical (PI. XII, fig. 9). Most of the 

 somewhat elongated cells of the horizontal cellular surface, 

 enclosed by the capsule-wall, follow the progress of the 

 latter as its arched surface becomes elevated, dividing 

 repeatedly by transverse septa ; some, however, expand 

 only in a longitudinal direction until they eventually assume 

 the form of narrow cylindrical tubes, parallel to the longi- 

 tudinal axis of the fruit. These tubes are attached at the 

 base to the upper end of the fruit-stalk, and at their apices 

 touch the inner arch of the capsule-wall (PL XII, fig. 9). 

 The latter are the elaters ; the tessellated cells produced 

 by the division of the elongated cells, become the spore- 

 mother-cells. 



Contemporaneously with the earliest period of the de- 

 velopment of the rudimentary fruit of liverworts, there 

 commences a very active multiplication of the peripheral 

 cells of the ventral portion of the archegonium, which thus 

 becomes the calyptra. The cell-division, which occurs 

 repeatedly and in rapid succession, often extends far down- 

 wards into the tissue of the branch which bears the im- 

 pregnated archegonium. Whilst the lower part of the 

 archegonium becomes transformed into the upper half of 

 the calyptra, its distended form becomes compannulate 

 (/. bicuspidata, PI. VIII, fig. 6 ; Badula complanata, 

 PI. XI, fig. 4). The lower portion of the calyptra is 

 formed out of the upward- growing tissue of the tip of the 

 shoot upon the apex of which the archegonia stand. The 

 abortive archegonia often appear pushed up high on the 

 side-walls of the calyptra, w r hich has originated from the 

 impregnated archegonia (PI. XI, fig. 4, Badula com- 

 planata). 



No distinction can be traced between the base of the 



