vi BUTTERFLIES - LYCAENIDAE PIERIDAE 357 



and scale-insects. '1'he pupae are, like the larvae, of short 

 inflated, form. I>v a remarkable coincidence, the pupae of two 

 species hear a considerable resemblance to the heads of monkeys, 

 or mummies. The Lycaenid pupa is usually extremely consoli- 

 dated, destitute of movement, and is supported in addition to 

 the attachment by the cremaster by a silk thread girdling the 

 middle. There are exceptions to these rules, and according to 

 Mr. Kobson the pupa of Tajuria diaeus hangs free, suspended 

 from a leaf, and can move the body at the spot where the 

 abdominal segments meet the wing-cases in the dorsal line. 1 



Fam. 4. Pieridae. The six legs />>// developed, <m<l 

 '/n f]ie sexes; there is no pad <>n t he front tibia. Tin- r/im-s of all 

 t In' feet are l>ijid, or toothed, and there is an empodium. There 

 are upwards of 1000 species of Pieridae already known. Al- 

 though several taxonomists treat the Pieridae and Papilionidae 

 as only subdivisions of one family, yet they appear to be quite 

 distinct, and the relationships of the former to be rather with 

 Lycaenidae. In Pieridae, white, yellow, and red are the pre- 

 dominant colours, though there is much black also. It has 

 recently been ascertained that the yellow and red pigments, as 

 well as the white, are uric acid or derivatives therefrom. 2 The 

 physiology of this peculiarity has not yet been elucidated, so 

 that we do not know whether it may be connected with some 

 state of the Malpighian vessels during metamorphosis. 



Our Garden-White, Brimstone, Clouded-yellows and Orange-tip 

 butterflies belong to this family : as does also the South American 

 genus formerly called Lejitu];*. This generic name, which is 

 much mentioned in literature owing to the resemblance of the 

 species of the genus to ffeliconiides, has now disappeared ; Zr/*A///.s 

 having been divided into various genera, while the name itself 

 is now considered merely a synonym of Isixinurjihia. 



The African Insect, Psemlo^tnitiii i rmlnj-a, has nearly trans- 

 parent wings, no club to the antennae, a remarkably small cell on 

 the wing, and an arrangement of the nervules not found in a in- 

 other butterfly ; there being only ten nervules at the periphery of 

 the front wing, and both upper and lower radial nervules uniting 

 with the posterior branch of the subcostal. It has been treated 

 as a moth by several entomologists. Aurivillius considers that it 



1 /. Bombay Soc. ix. 1895, pp. 338-341. 



- Hopkins, Phil. Trans. 186 B, 1895, p. 661. 



