40 TILIA EUROPJEA. 
planted m a dry soil. It unfolds its leaves at Naples at the end of March ; in 
England in the middle of April ; and at Upsula, in Sweden, and at New York, 
about the first of May. At the two last-named places it loses its leaves early in 
autumn, while at Naples it remains in full foliage during November. In Holland, 
where the linden abounds, the whole country, during the months of July and 
August, is perfumed by the fragrance of its flowers. 
Varieties. "The extensive distribution," says Loudon, "and long cultivation 
of this tree in Europe, have given rise to the following races or varieties, de- 
scribed by De Candolle, and others, as species ; from which high authority, it 
may be considered presumption in us to differ ; but we have not done so without 
due consideration, and after having examined the living plants of different ages 
and in different situations, with the greatest care and attention. " 
1. T. e. microphylla, Loudon. Small-leaved European Lime-tree, in England; 
Tilleul d petites feuilles, in France ; and Kleinblattrige Linde, or Winterlinde, 
in Germany. The petals of this variety are without scales ; the leaves cordate, 
roundish, acuminated, sharply serrated, smooth above, glaucous, and bearded 
beneath on the axils of the veins, as well as in hairy blotches ; the fruit is rather 
globose, hardly ribbed, very thin and brittle. This variety is distinguishable, at 
first sight, from all others, by the smallness of its leaves, which are only two 
inches broad, and sometimes scarcely longer than their slender footstalks. The 
flowers are also much smaller than in any of the other varieties ; and they are 
very fragrant, having a scent like those of the honeysuckle. This appears to be 
the linden-tree of Gerard, the timber of which, he says, "is much harder and 
more knotty, and more yellow, than the timber of the other sort ; and not very 
different from the timber of the elm-tree." In Worcestershire, England, between 
Horford and Ombersley, there is a tree of this variety estimated at upwards of 
three hundred years of age, which is seventy .feet high, with a circumference 
of thirty feet, at three yards above the ground. 
2. T. e. platyphylla, Loudon. Broad-leaved European Lime-tree, in Eng- 
land ; Tilleul d grandes feuilles, or Tilleul de Hollande, in France. The 
petals of this variety are without scales ; the leaves cordate, roundish, acumi- 
nated, sharply serrated, downy beneath, origin of their veins woolly ; branches 
hairy ; cymes three-flowered ; fruit woody, downy, turbinate, with five promi- 
nent angles. This tree can readily be distinguished by its large, rough leaves, 
and also by its rough bark, and hispid branches. At Syon, near London, there 
is a tree of this variety, supposed to have been planted about ninety years, and is 
nearly eighty feet high. 
3. T. e. rubra, Loudon. Red-twigged European Lime-tree. This variety is 
distinguished by the redness of its young branches, and it may be properly con- 
sidered as a sub-variety of the two preceding. In Sweden, where linden woods 
extend over the low parts of the country for many miles together, the common 
lime-tree is met with, in some places, perhaps, for a mile together, with the 
twigs bright red, yellow in some, and in others quite green ; from which we 
may infer that there is also a yellow-twigged variety, or sub-variety. Several 
similar coincidences occur in England among the cultivated varieties. 
4. T. e. laciniata, Loudon. Cut-leaved European Lime-tree. The leaves of 
this variety are smaller than those of the common species, and deeply and irreg- 
ularly cut and twisted, scarcely two on the tree being alike. This variety sel- 
dom, if ever, exceeds thirty feet in height. 
5. T. e. aurea, Loudon. Golden-twigged European Lime-tree. This variety 
differs from the common lime-tree in the yellowness of its twigs ; and, apparently, 
is not so vigorous in its growth as any of the other varieties, except the T. e. 
laciniata. 
6. T. e. platyphylla aurea. Golden-twigged Broad-leaved European Lime- 
