44 
TILIA EUROP^A. 
always to be taken up and replanted every two or three years. A tree which 
has stood some years without being removed, should have the roots cut round, 
at three or four feet from the stem, a year before removal, for the purpose of 
stunting the growth, both of the head and roots, and of forming smaller roots 
and fibres. 
Insects. The foliage of the Tilia europgea affords a pabulum to the larvae of 
many lepidopterous insects, some of which feed exclusively upon it, while others 
prey upon that of various trees. Among those which prove the most injurious 
to it in the United States, are several species of the Geometridee, such as span- 
worms, loopers, measurers, etc., some of which also feed indiscriminately upon 
the elm, maple, horse-chesnut, sycamore, (Platanus,) poplar, apple, cherry, and 
plum. Within the last five or six years, soon after the unfolding of the leaves 
of these trees, they have been attacked by the larvse of these insects, and in some 
instances have been entirely divested of their foliage. They usually emerge from 
the egg, at New York and vicinity, about the middle of May, and during the 
month of June suspend themselves by their silken lines from the trees along the 
streets and avenues, greatly to the annoyance of the citizens. After gorging 
themselves with the tender foliage for three or four weeks, they quit the tree, 
enter the ground, or some other place of concealment, and undergo their trans- 
formations. The perfect insects of most of the species appear about the 20th of 
July, and others at various periods in autumn, and in the following spring. They 
commonly consist of small, whitish, or variegated millers, and, in some species, 
the females have no wings. Soon after their appearance, the females make pro- 
vision for their future progeny, by laying their eggs upon the leaves, branches, 
or trunks of trees, and then die. Various expedients have been resorted to for 
the destruction of these insects, and but a few of these have proved effectual, 
except those of crushing them to death, when on the trees, or by destroying the 
chrysalides, or the eggs. 
Another insect, in this country, which is more pernicious and fatal to the 
European linden-tree than the preceding, is a long-horned beetle, (Saperda ves- 
tita, Say,) described and figured by Dr. T. W. Harris, in Hovey's " Magazine of 
Horticulture." vol. x., p. 330. It was discovered about twenty years ago by Mr. 
Thomas Say, near the southern extremity of Lake Michigan, and has been 
known for several years in Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, and New York. The 
insect, in the winged state, is a little more than 
half of an inch in length, and is covered with a 
greenish down, having two dark spots on each 
wing cover, as indicated in the adjoining figure. 
It makes its appearance in the month of May, and 
commences eating the young bark and tender 
twigs, and often the petioles of the leaves. The 
female deposits her eggs on the branches and 
trunks of the trees, where they remain during the 
autumn and winter. According to Dr. Harris, a 
strip of the bark of the large linden in Cambridge, 
mentioned in a preceding page, two feet wide at the 
bottom, and extending to the top of the trunk, has 
been destroyed, and the exposed surface of the *^^& 
wood is pierced and grooved with countless numbers of holes, wherein the larvae 
of these insects have been bred, and whence swarms of beetles have issued in 
times past. The lindens in Washington square, in Philadelphia, were also 
attacked by these borers a few years since, and in 1842, it became necessary 
to remove them entirely. The superintendent of the square informed us, that 
soon after the European species was cut down, they attacked the American lin- 
dens, which probablv would have been destroyed, had not the insects been arrested 
