GOLDEN-FRUITED ORANGE-TREE. 59 
d? Adam, or forbidden fruit of the shops of Paris. This variety may be known by 
its broad, taper-pointed leaves, roundish, rather ovate, heavy fruit, and a deep- 
yellow, smooth, thick, sweet, soft rind. Its pulp is sub-acid, and pleasant, of a 
deep-yellow colour, and is soft and melting in the mouth, like the flesh of a cling- 
stone peach. 
6. C. a. nobilis. Far-famed Golden-fruited, or Mandarin Orange-tree, with 
flattened, rough, deep-orange-coloured fruit, and a thin rind, which separates 
spontaneously from the pulp. It is cultivated in China, where the fruit is 
chiefly consumed in presents to the officers of state, whence its name. Its sin- 
gularity consists in the rind so completely separating from the pulp, when quite 
ripe, that the latter may be shaken about within. In quality it is inferior to no 
other kind. 
7. C. a. asperma. Seedless Golden-fruited, or Saint Michael 's Orange-tree, 
known by its small, round, seedless fruit, with a thin rind, and extremely sweet 
pulp. When in a state of perfection, it is, perhaps, the most delicious of all the 
varieties, and by far the most productive. 
8. C. a. bigaradia. Bigarade or Bitter Golden-fruited Orange-tree. The branches 
of this variety are spiny ; leaves elliptical, acute, with a winged stalk ; flowers very 
white ; fruit medium-sized, uneven, more or less globose, with an acid and bitter 
pulp. This tree is somewhat smaller than those of the preceding varieties, having 
broader leaves, and larger and sweeter scented flowers. It is called bigaradier 
by the French, and tnelangolo by the Italians. There are several sub-varieties 
of it cultivated, principally on account of their flowers, among which, the follow- 
ing are deserving of notice : 1st. Melangolo a frutto cornuto of the Italians, or 
Horned-fruited Bigarade, with a large, pale-yellow, ribbed fruit, the sides of 
which project into horns. It is much esteemed on account of the powerful and 
delicious perfume of its flowers. 2nd. The Female Bigarade, with a deep- 
yellow, large, coarse fruit, containing orange within orange, which latter circum- 
stance is not at all uncommon in the genus citrus, but exists, in the present 
instance, in perhaps the most striking manner. An orange, in its natural state, 
consists of one whorl of carpels, which are consolidated into a round fruit, each 
lobe being a carpel. It sometimes happens, however, that two whorls of carpels 
combine to form the same fruit, in which case, the inner whorl is consolidated 
into a central orange, and the outer whorl grows over it. Or, it may happen, 
that three whorls of carpels constitute the fruit, in which case, the innermost 
whorl will combine into an orange in the centre ; the second whorl will form a 
coating over it, and the most exterior one will enclose the whole. Finally, the 
carpels may separate wholly, or in part, and then the fruit consists of a number 
of lobes more or less distinct. 3rd. Ourled-leaved Bigarade, called by the French 
gardeners, Le Bouquelier, and Bigaradier riche depouilU ; and by the Italians, 
Melangolo riccio. The leaves of this sort are very compact, blunt, small, and 
curled, and its flowers grow in thick clusters at the ends of the branches. The 
fruit is coarse, very light, and uneven, having a large, conspicuous scar at the 
point. The tree itself is rather small, and is one of the most hardy of its race, 
being a common object of cultivation throughout the south of Europe. 4th. 
Doiible-flowered Bigarade, with rather thick leaves, double flowers, round, 
granulated fruit, and a thick rind. It is much esteemed on account of the pro- 
fusion of fragrant double flowers it produces, which do not fall in pieces so 
quickly as the single ones. If the soil in which it grows is not kept in a very 
rich condition, it loses the property of producing double flowers. 5th. The 
Seville Bigarade, or Bitter Orange-tree ; Naranjo amargo, Naranjo agrio, or 
Naranjo de Sevilla of the Spaniards, distinguished by its winged petioles, acute, 
crenulate, elliptical leaves, round, dark fruit, with an uneven, rugged, and 
extremely bitter rind, filled with a bitter, or bitter-sour pulp. It grows sponta- 
