EUROPEAN HOLLY. 161 
hrubs, is accompanied by a ragged, or otherwise unhealthy appearance in the 
saves : but the holly is one of the very few exceptions to this rule. Its variega- 
ions are chiefly confined to the modifications of white and yellow in the leaves ; 
iut there are some kinds in which the deviation results from the size, form, and 
irickly state of the leaves ; and others consist of differences in the colour of 
tie fruit, which is red, yellow, black, or white. The following varieties are 
,11 that are regarded as truly distinct ; but the shades of difference under each 
ame are almost innumerable : 
1. I. a. heterophyllum, Loudon. Various-leaved Holly. 
2. I. a. angustifolium, Loudon. Narrow-leaved Holly. 
3. I. a. latifolium, Loudon. Broad-leaved Holly. 
4. I. a. altaclerense, Loudon. High Clere Holly. Leaves broad, thin, flat. 
5. I. a. marginatum, Loudon. Thick-mar gined-leaved Holly. Leaves broad, 
ntire. 
6. I. a. laurifolium, Loudon. Laurel-leaved Holly. Leaves small, entire. 
7. I. a. ciliatum, Loudon. Ciliated-leaved Holly. Leaves small, with prickles 
long the margin like hairs. 
8. I. a. ciliatum minus, Loudon. Smaller-ciliated-leaved Holly. Leaves smaller 
han the preceding. 
9. I. a. recur vum, Loudon. Recarved-leaved Holly. 
10. I. a. serratifolium, Loudon. Serrated-leaved Holly. 
11. I. a. crispum, Loudon. Curled-leaved Holly. 
12. I. a. ferox, Loudon. Fierce-spine-leaved, or Hedgehog Holly. Leaves 
oiled and covered with spines. 
13. I. a. crassifolium, Loudon. Thick-leaved Holly. 
14. I. a. senescens, Loudon. Aged or Spineless Holly. 
15. I. a. albo marginatum, Loudon. White edged-leaved Holly. Margins of 
saves white, or pale-yellow. 
16. I. a. aureo marginatum, Loudon. G olden- edged-leaved Holly. Margins 
f leaves light and dark yellow. 
17. I. a. albo pictum, Loudon. White-spotted-leaved Holly, Milk-maid Holly. 
Margins of leaves green, middle white. 
18. I. a. aureo pictum, Loudon. Gold-spotted-leaved Holly. 
19. I. a. ferox argenteum, Loudon. Silver --blotched Hedgehog Holly. 
20. I. a. ferox aureum, Loudon. Gold-blotched Hedgehog Holly. 
21. I. a. fructu luteo, Loudon. Yellow- fruited Holly. 
22. I. a. fructu albo, Loudon. White- fruited Holly. 
23. I. a. fructu nigro, Host. Black-fruited Holly. 
Geography and History. The Ilex aquifolium is indigenous to most parts of 
tie middle and south of Europe, and it is said to be found in China and Japan, 
t does not appear to be a native either of America or of India, unless the Ilex opaca 
f the United States, and the Ilex dipyrena in the Himalayas, should prove, by 
ultivation, to be varieties of it. According to Pallas, it scarcely occurs within 
he ancient limits of the Russian empire, though frequent on the southern side 
f Caucasus, where it forms a low, branching shrub, about ten feet high. In 
'ranee, it is abundant, more particularly in Brittany. In Germany, it abounds 
a many forests, especially in the southern and middle states; where, when 
heltered by lofty trees, it attains the height of twenty feet ; but in exposed situ- 
.tions, it does not exceed a height of six or eight feet. This tree appears to 
.ttain a larger size in England than in any other part of the globe. It abounds 
a that country, more or less, in the remains of all aboriginal forests, and per- 
laps, at present, it prevails nowhere to a greater extent than in Needwood For- 
st, in Staffordshire. In Scotland it is found in most natural woods, as an 
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