;-{00 PYRUS MALUS. 
their first grafters forever; such as took their names from Matins, Cestius, Man- 
lius and Claudius." He particularizes the " quince apples," that came from a 
quince grafted upon an apple stock, which smelled like the quince, and were 
called Appiana, after Appius, of the house of Claudius. It must he confessed, 
however that Pliny has related so many particnlars as facts, concerning the 
apple, (such as changing the fruit to the colour of blood, by grafting it on the 
mulberry; and the tree in the Tyburtines country, "grafted and laden with all 
manner of fruits," which are regarded by modern grafters as physiological impos- 
sibilities,) it would seem that very little confidence could be placed in his state- 
ments of any kind. But what reason have we to doubt the authority of a man. 
whose life was spent to the benefit of mankind, and whose death was caused by 
his perseverance in search of truth 1 Instances of grafting trees of different fam- 
ilies upon one another, are also mentioned by other old authors, and even our 
Evelyn, of more recent times, states that he saw, in Holland, a rose engrafted 
upon the orange. Columella, a practical husbandman, who wrote some years 
before Pliny, describes three methods of grafting, as handed down to him, by whom 
he calls the " ancients," besides a fourth method of his own, and a mode of inarch- 
ing, or grafting by approach, "whereby all sorts of grafts may be graffed upon 
all sorts of trees." It would appear, however, that the art of grafting, at the 
period in which he flourished, was comparatively a modern invention, as it is 
not mentioned by Moses, in his directions to the Israelites when they 
****** s hall come into the land, and shall 
have planted all manner of trees ;" 
neither by Hesiod nor Homer, although forming a part of the subjects on which 
they wrote.* 
Whitaker, in his " History of Manchester," conjectures that the apple was 
brought into Britain by the first colonies of the natives, and by the Hsedui of 
Somersetshire in particular; hence Glastonbury was distinguished by the title of 
" Avellonia " or apple orchard, previously to the arrival of the Romans. Before 
the Illrd century, this fruit had spread over the whole island, and so widely, 
that, according to Solinus, there were large plantations of it in the " Ultima 
Thule." The manufacture of wine from the apple, appears to have occurred in 
Norfolk, at the beginning of the XHIth century ; for it is stated by Bloomfield, 
that, in the sixth year of King John, (1205,) Robert de Evermere was found to 
hold his lordship of Redham and Stokesly, in Norfolk, by petty sergeantry, the 
annual payment of two hundred pearmains, and four hogsheads of wine of pear- 
mains, into the exchequer, at the feast of St. Michael. The making of cider 
was introduced into Britain by the Normans, who, it is said, obtained the art 
from Spain, where it is no longer practised. This liquor is supposed to have 
been first known, however, in Africa, from its being mentioned by the two Afri- 
can fathers, Tertullian and Augustine, and was introduced by the Cartha- 
ginians into Biscay, a province unfriendly to the vine, on which account it 
became the substitute in other countries. 
Many of the better varieties of the apple were probably introduced into Britain 
from the continent, as the greater part of their names are either pure or corrupted 
French. Thus the " Nonpareil," according to old herbalists, was brought from 
France by a Jesuit, in the time of Queen Mary, and first planted in Oxfordshire. 
On the other hand, the celebrated "Golden Pippin" is considered as of British 
origin ; and is noticed as such by French and Dutch authors. It is described bv 
* The art of grafting, as well as that of pruning, has been ascribed to accidental origin. The occasional 
natural union or inarching of the boughs of distinct trees in the forests, is thought to have first suggested 
the idea of grafting ; and the more vigorous shooting of a vine, after a goat had broused on it, is said to 
have given rise to the practice of pruning. 
