COMMON APPLE-TREE. 321 
is convenient for a purpose it has up to this tune been used for, that is, as a pass 
to get rid of its little pellets of excrement, which are something like fine saw- 
dust, or coarse sand. Another communication with the outer air is therefore 
required ; and it must be so constructed as to allow the power of gravity to assist 
in keeping it clear. It is accordingly made directly downwards, towards that 
part of the apple which is lowest ; and thus the trouble of thrusting the pellets 
upwards through the eye of the apple is saved, and a constant admission given 
to a supply of air without any labour. The hole now made, is not, however, 
sufficiently open for an observer to gain by its means any knowledge of what is 
going on within; this is only to be obtained by cutting open a number of the 
apples, as they gradually advance towards ripeness; the hole is, however, very 
easily seen, from its always having adhering to it, on the outside, an accumula- 
tion of the little grains which have been thrust through. Having completed this 
work, the grub returns towards the centre of the apple, where he feeds at his 
ease. When within a few days of being full fed, he, for the first time, enters the 
core, through a round hole gnawed in the hard horny substance which always 
separates the pips from the pulp of the fruit ; and the destroyer now finds him- 
self in that spacious chamber, which codlings, in particular, always have in their 
centre. From this time, he eats only the pips, never again tasting the more com- 
mon pulp, which Jiitherto had satisfied his unsophisticated palate ; now nothing 
less than the highly-flavoured aromatic kernels will suit his tooth; and on these, 
for a few days, he feasts in luxury. Somehow or other, the pips of an apple are 
connected with its growth, as the heart of an animal with its life. Injure the 
heart, an animal dies injure the pips, an apple falls. Whether the fall of his 
house gives the tenant warning to quit, I cannot say, but quit he does, and that 
almost immediately. He leaves the core, crawls along his breathing and clear- 
ing-out gallery, the mouth of which, before nearly closed, he now gnaws into a 
smooth round hole, which will permit him free passage, without hurting his fat. 
soft, round body ; then out he comes, and, for the first time in his life finds him- 
self in the open air. He now wanders about on the ground till he finds the stem 
of a tree ; up this he climbs, and hides himself in some nice little crack in the 
bark. I should remark that the fall of the apple, the exit of the grub, and his 
wandering to this place of security, usually take place in the night-time. In this 
situation he remains without stirring for a day or two, as if to rest himself after 
the uncommon fatigue of a two yards' march ; he then gnaws away the bark a 
little, in order to get further in out of the way of observation ; and, having made 
a smooth chamber, big enough for his wants, he spins a beautiful little milk- 
white silken case, in which, after a few weeks, he becomes a chrysalis, and in 
this state remains throughout the winter, and until the following June, unless 
some unlucky black-headed tit, running up the trunk, peeping into every cranny, 
and whistling out his merry see-saw, happens to spy him ; in which case, he 
is plucked without ceremony from his retreat, and his last moments are spent in 
the bird's crop. But, supposing no such ill-fortune betide him, by the middle of 
June he is again on the wing, and hovering round the young apples on a mid- 
summer evening as before. By burning weeds in your garden, at this time of 
the year, you will effectually drive away this little moth. If you have trees, the 
crops of which you value, make a smoking fire under each. It will put you to 
some inconvenience if your garden be near your house; but the apples will repay 
you for that." As the apple-worm instinctively leaves the fruit soon after it falls 
from the trees, it has been recommended to gather up all wind-fallen fruit daily, 
and give it to cattle or swine, in order to kill these insects, before they have time 
to escape. Mr. Joseph Burrellc, of Quincy, Massachusetts, in vol. xviii. of the 
'New England Farmer," says that, "if any old cloth is wound around or hung 
in the crotches of the trees, the apple-worms will conceal themselves therein 
41 
