462 BROUSSONETIA PAPYRIFERA. 
cultural Society's garden, at Turnham Green, and in the arboretum of Messrs. 
Loddiges, at Hackney. 
The largest recorded tree of this species in France, is in the botanic garden, at 
Avranches, which, in 1835, forty years after planting, had attained the height of 
forty feet, with a trunk two feet and a half in diameter, and an ambitus or spread 
of branches of thirty feet. 
In Italy, at Monza, there is a paper mulberry, which, in twenty-four years 
after planting, had attained the height of forty feet, with a trunk a foot in diam- 
eter, with an ambitus of twenty feet. 
The male plant of the Broussonetia papyrifera was introduced into the United 
States, from Europe, in 1784, by Mr. William Hamilton, of the Woodlands, near 
Philadelphia, who had, at one period, the most complete collection of foreign 
trees of any one in America. The paper mulberry, was also cultivated, either 
from seeds or importation, by the late William Prince, of Flushing, Long Island, 
prior to 1820. To this gentleman we are indebted for three female trees, stand- 
ing opposite No. 3, in Abingdon square, in the city of New York, all of which 
matured their fruit early in July and August of the years 1843 to 1845. 
This species is among the most common of ornamental trees in New York, 
Brooklyn, Philadelphia, and other parts of the union, where there are specimens 
frequently to be met with, varying from twenty to forty feet in height, with 
trunks from ten inches to two feet in diameter. 
Propagation, fyc. The paper mulberry may be propagated either from seeds, 
by suckers, or by cuttings; but the latter mode is usually adopted, as the cut- 
tings of the branches, whether large or small, readily take root and thrive, in an} 
soil, consisting of a moderately rich sandy loam, that is not too dry, nor sur 
charged with moisture. The tree is perfectly hardy in Britain, and will with 
stand the climate, without injury, of any part of the United States south of Con- 
necticut; but eastward of that state, it is frequently killed back by frosts, and as 
far north as Montreal, in Canada, it will barely live without protection. 
Properties and Uses. The wood of the paper mulberry, which is soft, spongy, 
and brittle, is of little value except for fuel. The leaves are too rough and coarse, 
in their texture, for the food of silkworms; but they are found to be excellent 
fodder for cattle; and as the tree will grow rapidly in almost every soil, and 
throw out numerous tufts of leaves, it has been suggested that it might be valu- 
able to cultivate, in some situations and climates, for that purpose. The juice of 
this tree is sufficiently tenacious to be used in China as a glue, either in gilding 
leather or paper. The finest and whitest cloth worn by the inhabitants of Ota- 
heite, and of the Sandwich Islands, is made of its bark. But the principal use, 
however, to which this tree appears to be applied, is for the manufacture of paper. 
The following is an abridgment of Kaempfer's account of the process of making 
this article in Japan, as quoted from the fifth volume of the London " Pen? 
Cyclopaedia" : " The branches of the current year, being cut into pieces about 
a yard long, are boiled until the bark shrinks from the wood, which is taken ont, 
and thrown away; and the bark, being dried, is preserved till wanted. In order 
to make paper, it is soaked for three or four hours in water; after which, the 
external skin, (epidermis,) and the green internal coat, are scraped off, and the 
strongest and finest pieces are selected ; the produce of the younger shoots being 
of an inferior quality. If any very old portions present themselves, they are on 
the other hand rejected as too coarse.- All knotty parts, and everything which 
might impair the beauty of the paper, are also removed. The chosen bark is 
boiled in a lixivium till its downy fibres can be separated by a touch of the finger. 
The pulp, so produced, is then agitated in water till it resembles tufts of tow. 
If not sufficiently boiled, the paper will be coarse, though spongy; if too much, 
it will be white, indeed, but deficient in strength and solidity. Upon the various 
