EUROPEAN OR FIELD ELM. 
481 
smaller leaves which he calls U. stricta parvifolia; and Messrs. Loddigea two 
others, under the names of U. stricta aspera, and U. stricta crispa 
8. U. csarniensis Loudon. Jersey Field Elm, a free-growm- variety, differinff 
but very little from the species. = 
9. U. c. tortuosa, Loudon. Twisted -wooded Field Elm ; Orme tortMard of the 
French. This variety, which is very distinct, frequently comes true from seeds 
Its leaves are of a very deep-green, and about a medium size. The trunk is 
marked with alternate knots and hollows ; and the fibres of the wood are all 
twisted and interlaced together. This tree presents a very singular appearance 
when it becomes old, as a number of knots (bosses) appear to surround its trunk 
It produces but few seeds, and some years not any. It is considered, in France 
as the best of all the varieties of elm for the use of wheelwrights; and particu- 
larly for the hubs of wheels. On the road from Paris to Meaux, there are to be 
seen a great number of these trees. 
10. U. c. foliis variegatis, Loudon. Variegated-leaved Field Elm : Silver-It a ved 
Elm, having leaves striped with white, and, in spring, is very ornamental. 
11. U. c. betul^folia, Loudon. Birch-leaved Fiela I Elm, with leaves somewhat 
resembling those of the Betula alba. 
12. U. c. viminalis, Loudon. Twiggij-branched Field Elm. having small leaves, 
and numerous slender twig-like branches. It is a very distinct and elegant variety^ 
and is easily recognized both in summer and in winter. In some stages of its 
growth, its foliage is frequently mistaken for a variety of birch. It is quite use- 
less for timber, but forms an ornamental tree, with a character of its own. 
13. U. c. parvifolia, Loudon. Small-leaved Field Elm ; Ulmvs parvi folia, of 
Jacquin, Willdenow, and others; a tree, according to Pallas, who mentions 
several varieties of it, very common in all the woods of the south of Russia, 
and varying in height from that of a middle-sized tree to that of a diminutive 
shrub, according to the soil and climate in which it grows. It is very plentiful 
about Caucasus; and, in passing through Siberia, it gradually becomes less mul- 
tiplied; but occurs again about Lake Baikal, where the inhabitants use the 
leaves as a substitute for tea. The wood of this variety, when it assumes a 
tree-like form, is said to be very hard and tough; and is veined with transvi 
lines. The root is also beautifully variegated, and is used by the turner and 
cabinet-maker. One of the sub- varieties, mentioned by Pallas, has the bark 
somewhat fungous or corky ; another has the branches slender, wand-like, and 
of a whitish-gray colour. In rocky, mountainous surfaces, the branches are 
thick and short; but, in sandy soils, the trees are all small, with slender shoots. 
14. U. c. planifolia, Loudon. Plane-leaved Field Elm, a handsome, small 
tree, closely resembling the last-named variety. 
15. U. c. chinensis, Loudon. Chinese Field Elm; Orme nain, Thi </< /' M,h, < ''al- 
lots, of the French. This variety forms a low bush, introduced into Britain from 
China, but when is uncertain. " Notwithstanding," says Mr. Loudon, " the cir- 
cumstance of its being kept in green-houses in some cases, and retaining its lea 
there through the winter, we cannot consider it as anything else than a variety of 
U. campestris. We are confirmed in this opinion by Mr. Alain, who brought home 
some plants of this sort from China, and found them to stand the rigour of our 
winters in the garden of his friend, the Rev. Mr. Norris, of Grove street, Hack- 
ney. We believe it to be the same sort which is sometimes imported from < lima. 
in the form of a miniature old tree, planted in a China vase, \\ bile retained in 
these vases, and sparingly supplied with nourishment, il maintains its stunted 
f>uve- but' planted out in a free soil, in a favourable situation, in a year or two. 
it will make shoots five or six feet Ion-, as may he seen in the garden oi the 
London Horticultural Society. Tim manner m which the Chinese procure ih 
miniature trees is, bv ringing the extremities oi the branches >! old trees, an-t 
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