482 
ULMUS CAMPESTR1S. 
then applying a ball of loam, kept moist by water and moss, till roots are thrown 
out from the callosity formed at the ring, when the small branch is cut off, and 
planted in a porcelain pot, ' either,' says Mr. Main, ' round, or, most commonly, 
of an elongated square, twelve or fourteen inches long, eight inches wide, and about 
five inches in depth. Along with the tree they place pieces of stone, to represent 
rocks, among which moss and lichens are introduced. The tree, thus planted, 
is not allowed to rise higher than about a foot or fifteen inches ; no greater sup- 
ply of water is given than just sufficient to keep it alive; and, as the pot soon 
acts as a prison, its growth is necessarily impeded ; at the same time every 
means are used to check its enlargement. The points of the shoots, and the 
half of every new leaf, are constantly and carefully cut off; the stem and 
branches, which are allowed to extend only a certain length, are bound and fan- 
tastically distorted, by means of wire ; the bark is lacerated to produce protuber- 
ances, asperities and cracks; one branch is partly broken through, and allowed 
to hang down, as if by accident; another is mutilated to represent a dead stump ; 
in short, every exertion of the plant is checked by some studied violence or other 
This treatment produces, in course of time, a perfect forest tree in miniature. 
Stunted and deformed, by the above means, it certainly becomes a curious object, 
bearing all the marks of extreme old age. Its writhed and knotty stem, wea- 
ther-stained and scabrous bark ; its distorted and partly dead branches, its dimin- 
utive shoots and leaves ; all give it the aspect of antiquity.' " The French 
name, The de V Abbe Gallois, was so called from M. Gallois, who, under the 
reign of Louis XV., imported this variety into France, supposing it to be the real 
Chinese tea-tree. Grafted standard high on the common English elm, the 
Ulmus c. chinensis would form a very handsome small tree. 
16. U. c. nana, Loudon. Dwarf Field Elm, a very distinct variety, growing 
in the London Horticultural Society's garden, which, in ten or twelve years, 
attained only a height of about two feet. When taken up to be removed, it was 
found to have a root running along the surface of the ground seven or eight feet 
in length. 
17. U. c. cucullata, Loudon. Hooded-leaved Field Elm, a tree with curious 
leaves, curved something like a hood. 
18. U. c concav^efolia, Loudon. Concave-leaved Field Elm, somewhat resem- 
bling the preceding kind. 
19. U. c. foliis aureis, Loudon. Golden Variegated-leaved Field Elm. having 
leaves variegated with yellow. 
20. U. c. suberosa. Cork-barked Elm..; TJlmus suberosa, of Willdenow, Lind- 
ley, Loudon, and others ; Orme fongeux, Orme-liege, of the French ; a very 
marked kind of elm, but evidently a variety of the Ulmus campestris. It varies 
exceedingly in the character of its bark ; being sometimes deeply furrowed, and 
at other times much less so. It also varies much in the character of its head, 
being sometimes low, loose, and spreading, and at others tall and narrow. The 
bark, when a year old, is covered with very fine, dense cork ; hence the name 
suberosa. The leaves are rough on both sides, are more rounded, and twice or 
three times as large as in the common English elm. They are very unequal at 
the base, strongly, sharply and doubly serrated, hairy beneath, with dense, 
broad tufts at the origin of the transverse ribs. The flowers are much earlier 
than the foliage, stalked, reddish, with four or five rounded segments, and as 
many stamens, with dull-purple anthers. The samarse are nearly orbicular, 
with deep sinuses reaching to the place of the seed. It is propagated by suckers, 
and layers, or by grafting on the Ulmus c. montana. The tree is of large and 
rapid growth, and is highly valued on account of its thriving well upon chalkv 
soils, and in keeping in leaf till late in autumn. 
