EUROPEAN OR FIELD ELM. 183 
21. U. c. suberosa roLiis variegatis, Loudon. Variegated-leaved Cork-barkea 
Field Elm; a tree precisely like the preceding, except in its variegation. 
22. U. c. suberosa alba, Loudon. White Corked-bark Field Elm; a low tree, 
of more compact growth than the two preceding; and often growing into an 
oval, or rather cone-shaped head. The young shoots are puhescent; the foliage 
thickly set, and the bark much wrinkled, becoming white with age. 
23. U. c. suberosa erecta, Loudon. Erect Cork-barked Field Elm; a tree 
with a tall, narrow head, resembling that of the Cornish elm; but differing from 
that variety in having much broader leaves, and a corky bark. 
24. U. c. major. Greater Field Elm; Ulmus major, of Smith. Lindley, Lon- 
don and others; Great Dutch Corked-barked Elm, of the British and Anglo- 
Americans. The branches of this variety spread widely, in a drooping manner, 
and their bark is rugged, and much more corky than even that of the Ulmus c. 
suberosa. The leaves, which are on short, thick stalks, are larger and more 
bluntly serrated than those of that variety ; they are rough on both sides, espe- 
cially beneath ; but the hairy tufts at the origins of the transverse ribs are very 
small. The segments of the calyx are short and rounded ; the stamens four in 
number; and the samaras obovate, with very small rounded sinuses, not reach- 
ing half so far as the seeds. This appears to be the elm which was carried into 
Britain, from Holland, by William III. From its quick growth, it was, at first, 
much used, for hedges, and formal rows of clipped trees ; but when the Dutch 
taste in gardening declined in England, the tree was no longer cultivated, as its 
wood was found to be very inferior to that of most other kinds of elm. This 
variety may be propagated in the same manner as the Ulmus c. suberosa. 
25. U. c. effusa. Spreading-branched Field Elm; Ulmus effusa, ofWillde- 
now, Loudon and others; Orme pedonarie, of the French. The colour of the 
young wood, the buds, and the size, colour, and serrature of the leaves of this 
variety, are remarkably like those of the "Huntingdon Elm" (Ulmus c. montana 
glabra vegeta.) Its leaves are large, and of a beautiful light, shining green. 
The trunk more nearly resembles that of the Ulmus c. montana than that of the 
common elm ; its head is more spreading, and its bark, instead of being furrowed, 
is smooth. The buds are long, sharply pointed, and greenish, while, in the com- 
mon elm, they are short, obtuse, and covered with grayish hairs. The tree is 
usually more rapid in its growth, and comes fifteen or twenty days earlier into 
leaf. It is a native of Europe, chiefly in the south of France, and in the ( au- 
casus; flowers in April and May, and is propagated in British nurseries by 
grafting on the Ulmus c. montana. According to Pallas, the wood is very hard 
and durable, and is used in Russia for all the purposes for which the common 
elm is employed in other parts of Europe. It is said that tins variety is very 
common by the road-side, between Villars-Cotterets and Pans, in Frame and 
also between that city and Cressy. 
26 U c montana. Mountain Field Elm ; Ulmus montana, of Smith, Lmdley, 
Loudon, and others; Scotch Elm, Wych Elm, Wych Hazel o the British. 
The trunk of this variety is not so upright as that ot the English elm; and soon 
divides into long, widely-extended, and somewhat drooping branches, forming a 
large, spreading summit. Its wood is of quicker growth than thai ol the 1 Imus 
campestris, and consequently, is far inferior m hardness and compactness, and 
is more liable to split. The branches, in some individuals, are quite pendi 
origins and subdivisions. From 
