EUROPEAN OR FIELD ELM. | J 
well broken, as to render it one of the noblest of park trees; and, when it growl 
wildly amid the rocky scenery of its native Scotland, there is no tree, which 
assumes so great or so pleasing a variety of character."* " The Scotch elm," 
Sang observes, "accommodates itself, both in a natural state and when plante 1. 
to many different soils and situations. The soil, in which it most luxuriates, is 
a deep, rich loam; but that in which it becomes most valuable, is a sandy loam, 
lying on rubble stone, or on dry rock. It is frequently found flourishing by the 
sides of rivers or streams, which sometimes wash part of its roots; yet it will not 
endure stagnant moisture." "In a mixture of loam and clay schistus, incum- 
bent on whinstone rock, as at Alva," continues he, "it arrives at a large size 
within a century." The most ready mode of propagating this tree is from 
seeds, which are produced in great abundance, and are ripe in Britain about 
the middle of June. They should be gathered by hand before they drop, as from 
their lightness and winged appendages, they are very apt to be blown away by 
the wind. They may either be sown as soon as gathered, in which case, many 
plants will come up the same season; or they may be thinly spread out to dry in 
the shade, and afterwards put up into bags or boxes, and kept in a cool, dry 
place, till the March or April following. Sang directs the seeds to be chos< n 
from the tallest, most erect, and healthy trees; on the sound principle, that 
plants, like animals, convey to their progeny their general appearance, whether 
good or bad. Trees, therefore, though having an abundance of seeds, if they be 
either visibly diseased, or ill-formed, should be passed over by the collector. 
When sown, the seeds of this tree, and those of all its sub-varieties, ought to be 
deposited in light or friable rich soil, and very thinly covered, in order that the 
plants, that rise from them, may be strong and vigorous. The best form in which 
the seeds can be sown is in beds ; and the covering of soil should not exceed half of 
an inch in depth. The plants may be removed into nursery lines, at the age of 
one or two years ; or they may be grafted in the following spring. If not intend* l 
to be grafted, they may go through a regular course of nursery culture, till they 
have acquired the desired height for final transplanting, which should not exceed 
twenty or twenty-five feet. This variety, like the Ulmus campestns, may also 
be increased by layers, by cuttings from the roots, and by inoculation. 
27. U. c. Montana rugosa. Crumpled-barked Mountain. Field Elm ; LI mi is 
m. ruo-osa, of Loudon; a tree of spreading growth, and moderate size, with red- 
dish-brown bark, which cracks into short, regular pieces, similar to that ot the 
Acer campestre. .-.., r n 
2S. U. c. Montana major. Large?' Mountain Field Elm; Ulmus m. major, ol 
Loudon; a tree of upright, rapid growth, with but few branches; and, m some 
stages, approaching the habit of the common Scotch elm, but ot a more tapering 
form. Its leaves fall almost a month earlier than those of most ot the allied 
ra 29.' U. c. Montana minor. Smaller Mountain Field Elm; Ulmus m. minor, of 
Loudon. This tree, as compared with the preceding, is ol a more branching and 
spreading habit, and of lower growth, with more twiggy shoots, which arc more 
densely clothed with leaves. . 
30 U c Montana cebennensis. Cevennes Elm; Ulmus m. cebennensts, ol 
Loudon.' The habit of this tree is somewhat like that of the Llmus c. mo,,, ana : 
but it appears to be of much less rapid growth. -..-.,, /-/., 
31 U. C. MONTANA N.GRA. Bteck-barked Mmnilain F ',, Id hi '<n ; ?/>/. 
niara, of Loudon; Irish Black Elm, of the English; a spreading tree, with the 
habit of the Ulmus c. montana, but with much smaller Leaves. 
32. TIC MONTANA AUSTRALIS. Southern Moiiulaiu FM Ek*', I IIUS Ul. allS- 
* Lauder's Gilpin, 1., p. 91. 
