EUROPEAN OR FIELD ELM. 
all have vanished. The larvae are small and slender, and devour the leaves 
with equal avidity as the perfect insect. Sometimes small bladders or galls are 
produced on the leaves of the elm, by the puncture of some kind of insect, (pro- 
bably a cynips,) which are at first green, but afterwards turn Mack. Each of 
these galls contain a fluid, which, according to Du Hamel, is called elm huh,,. 
and was formerly employed for the cure of recent wounds. 
In the "Nouveau Cours d'Agriculture," there are mentioned four other insects 
that prey upon the elm. The first is the larva of the Bombyx chrysorrha a, of 
Fabricius, which destroys the leaf-buds and leaves entirely, so as to give the 
tree, in spring, the appearance of winter. The second is the Galeruca ulmarien- 
sis, of Fabricius, a coleopterous insect, the larvse of which, in some Beasons, 
entirely destroy the parenchyma of the leaves of the elms, in the public prome- 
nades both in Britain and in continental Europe. These larva? are of a blackish 
colour, and exhale, when crushed, a most disagreeable odour. The moment 
they are touched, they coil up, and suffer themselves to fall to the ground. The 
perfect insect is extremely sluggish in its movements, feignim: death, in 
of danger, rather than unfolding its wings to fly away. It conceals itself in the 
crevices of the bark, also under stones, and between the bricks of walls : and 
sometimes will produce three generations in the course of one summer. The 
third is a species of goat-moth, (Cossus ligniperda, of Fabricius.) the larva of 
which is about three inches long, with its body sprinkled with slender hairs; 
being of a reddish-brown on the back, becoming yellow beneath, with eight 
breathing-holes on the sides, and a black head. It exhales a most disagreeable 
goat-like odour, which is produced by an oily and very acrid liquor, that it dis- 
charges at its mouth, and the use of which is supposed to soften the wood before 
it devours it. The pupa is brown, the abdominal segments bearing two rows 
of spines, directed backwards. Before entering into its chrysalis state, which 
sometimes takes place under ground, the larva spins a strong web, intermixed 
with particles of wood, that constitutes its cocoon. The perfect insect has dark- 
gray wings, clouded with dark-brown, and streaked with black. It belongs to 
that class of insects which fly by night, and appears, in Europe, in the month of 
June. The female lays but one set of eggs, but these generally amount to one 
thousand in number, and are always deposited at the base of the trees, whence 
the larva? penetrate the bark, wherever they can find the easiest entrance. The 
eggs are small, in proportion to the size of the imago; and the caterpillar, which 
grows to a large size, is said to remain in the larva state three years. This 
insect, in Europe, not only feeds upon the elm, but also preys upon the alder, the 
oak, the ash, the walnut, the beech, the lime, and on some kinds of the willow, 
and of the poplar. The larva?, devour the liber or inner bark, making long gal- 
leries in the wood, somewhat after the manner of those of the wood leopard 
moth, (Zeuzera a?sculi,) in the common pear-tree, and finally destroying the 
tree. Many remedies have been proposed, but that of Latreille appear- to ho 
most approved of in France. This consists in surrounding the base ol the ti 
where it has been observed that the females always deposit their eggs, with a 
thick coating of a mixture of clay and cow-dung, which the insect cannot pene- 
trate The green woodpecker preys upon these caterpillars, and its stomach, on 
dissection, emits an intolerable stench. The fourth enemy to the elm, and the 
one which is considered by far the most injurious, is the larva ol the Scolyhts 
destructor: but it is sometimes assisted in its ravages by that of the Scolytus 
armalus. In about the month of June or July, the ten, ale insect bores through 
the bark, until she has reached the point between the sot, wood and the ,er 
bark- she then forms in the latter a vertical channel, usually upwards, ol about 
two inches in length, on each side of which she deposits he as sh< 
advances, to the number of from twenty to litty m all. It appears probable that. 
