Part B : Protection Against Inorganic Nature. 



CHAPTER I: PROTECTION AGAINST ADVERSE 

 CLIMATIC INFLUENCES. 



Par. 9. Protection Against Frost. 



Frost May be Beneficial 



By checking insect plagues (late frost), also mice and other rodents, 

 decimating them in cold and protracted winters; 



By clipping back inferior species competing with aristocrats (beech 

 vs. oak at Viernheim); undesirable coppice sprouts, cut in Aug- 

 ust, are apt to die; 



By furnishing ice on lakes and on iced roads, creating conditions favor- 

 able to transportation by sleds, and steady weather for logging, 

 skidding, etc.; 



By increasing the value of firewood, and oftentimes by forcing men 

 to take employment in the woods when other occupations are barred 

 by frost. 



A. Frost is Injurious to Utilization 



By Interfering 



1. in the south with the logging operations, — owing to the 



unreliability of the occurrence of frost; the necessity 

 of shoeing cattle; the formation of jams in flumes; 

 the interference by late frost with tan bark peeling, 

 etc.; also by bursting trees, when felled in frozen con- 

 dition; by toughness of fibre so as to retard the feed 

 of the saw-carriage; by danger to water pipes, con- 

 nected with engines, boilers, locomotives, donkey 

 engines, etc.; by necessity of changing the setting of 

 the teeth, and the temper and the speed of the saw. 



2. in the north with water transportation on the lakes (no- 



tably Great Lakes) and rivers (notably St. Lawrence). 



B. Frost is Injurious Physiologically (Sylviculturally) 



By killing leaves, buds, shoots, branches (notably sappy 

 shoots), flowers and fruits, seedlings and (rarely) saplings. 



There is no proof at hand of poles or trees of native species being 

 killed by frost. 



Foreigners (e. g., palms, eucalypts and many species tried in nor- 

 thern prairies) are subject to frost. 



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