70 THE HUMAN BODY. 



the Negro the area of the face is greater by a fifth, that of 

 the skull being proportionally less. 



This last method of measurement, even though it gives an 

 idea of the relative intelligence within narrow limits only, 

 is at least founded upon certain facts, and it expresses the 

 law of the proportional development of the face and skull in 

 the superior animals. And even in measuring by the facial 

 angle the causes of error may be avoided to a certain extent, 

 and this measurement is an expression of an incontestable 

 anatomical fact. 



But this is not the case with a doctrine which was received 

 with enthusiasm about the beginning of this century, though 

 now almost forgotten. We speak of phrenology. Gall pro- 

 fessed to discover the degree of development of the faculties 

 by exploring the cranium. According to his theory, the 

 skull is moulded upon the brain, and presents protuberances 

 corresponding to those of that organ, and thus gives the 

 measure of the development of the intellectual and emotional 

 faculties. These faculties, which he localized in the ence- 

 phalon, were composed, according to him, of a series of 

 conoid bundles, the base of which corresponded to the sur- 

 face of the brain and the apex to the medulla oblongata. 

 Each one of these cones was the seat of a faculty, of which he 

 numbered twenty-seven, placing all the intellectual faculties 

 in the anterior portion of the brain, the animal faculties in 

 the posterior portion, and the moral faculties in the middle 

 portion over the ear : the first confined for the most part to a 

 very small space, and the others distributed over larger 

 surfaces. The pupils of Gall added eleven faculties to those 

 which he had classed. Among the latter, the sense of 

 right and wrong or as they termed it, conscientiousness 

 did not appear. 



To this system it was objected that if the principal projec- 

 tions of the exterior of the skull, the frontal and parietal 

 protuberances, for example, correspond to the depressions 

 or fossae of the interior, no external relief indicated the 

 digital impressions and the small cavities which correspond 

 to the surface of the brain ; that at several points an external 

 projection corresponded to one on the inner surface; that 



