THE SYSTEM OF GALL THE FACE. 71 



the arch of the brow (the superciliary ridge), where six 

 faculties are located, is more or less prominent, not from 

 the cerebral relief, but from the development of the frontal 

 sinuses; a,nd that there is no resemblance between the form 

 of the internal table and the external table in the frontal 

 region. Gall was therefore wrong in tracing upon the brain 

 the seat of each faculty according to the elevations which 

 he found upon the skull. It was added also, that, even 

 admitting the localization of the faculties and the divisions 

 of the brain, it was very irrational to unite all the faculties 

 in corresponding portions of the cranial arch, and to attri- 

 bute none at all to those portions of the brain which are not 

 in contact with the skull, or which rest laterally and in front 

 on its base. This exclusive grouping was unjustifiable, and 

 is to be considered as purely arbitrary. 



Gall and his school invoked the aid of the comparative 

 anatomy of the brain in support of his system. Leuret gave 

 them a death-blow by showing that the study of the brain 

 in the animal scale proves the facts to be in entire disagree- 

 ment with the theory of the German savant, and that it dis- 

 proves at all points the propositions of phrenology. 



The face is composed of fourteen bones, which form, by 

 their union with each other and with the bones of the skull, 

 the cavities in which the organs of sight, of smell, and of 

 taste are placed. Twelve of these bones are in pairs, and 

 placed symmetrically on each side: these are the superior 

 maxillary, the malar or cheek bones, the nasal bones, the 

 lachrymal bones, the superior turbinated bones, and the 

 palatine bones. Two are not paired: these are the vomer 

 and the inferior maxillary. The superior maxillaries, with 

 the lachrymal and malar bones, combine to form the inferior 

 portion of the orbit; they are united to the temporal bones 

 by the malar bones, the protuberances of which form the 

 cheek-bones. At their alveolar border the teeth are placed, 

 and the space included in the dental arch is called the pala- 

 tine arch, which is prolonged backward by the palatine bones. 

 The nasal bones form the upper portion or root of the nose ; 

 below these, and between the superior maxillaries, is the 

 nasal cavity, which is divided into two parts by a partition, 



