16. Nothing definite is known about the manner in which the fungus 

 spreads though it seems fairly certain that it can spread underground from tree 

 to tree since it is common to see trees in rows such as on the edge of a com- 

 partment, showing progressive stages of the attack. For example the trees on 

 either side of a dead tree may be obviously dying and possibly a sporophore 

 may be found on the next tree in the row though otherwise it appears to be 

 healthy. This points to what is probably the only practical remedial measure 

 which is to grow the sissoo in mixed crops. Fomcs luoidus is evidently a wide- 

 spread and natural enemy of sissoo, since it is found on planted trees on road- 

 sides and similar places, as well as in unirrigated plantations, such as the 

 Phillaur and Shahdara plantations. In Changa Manga where sissoo is grown 

 in large masses under purely artificial conditions the factors are particularly 

 favourable to the fungus and the damage done has consequently been enormous. 

 The question which remains to be answered is, will sissoo continue to grow in 

 Changa Manga or is it doomed to be exterminated ? This is a very important 

 question as if sissoo cannot be relied upon in future another tree for standards 

 must be found. Of one thing the writer is convinced and that is that the 

 f ungus attack cannot go on very long at the present rate for there will be no 

 sissoo left to kill, the only hope for the sissoo is that the damage will probably 

 become much less as the proportion of sissoo diminishes and the facilities for 

 the spread of the fungus under ground become less. Eor the present it will be 

 assumed that it will be possible to grow sissoo in mixture with mulberry 

 though at the same time every effort should be made to find other trees which 

 can be grown instead of it, a subject which will be referred to later. 



Wild animals. 



17. Pigs and nilghai abound in Changa Manga and do considerable 



damage to the crops of the villagers surrounding 

 the plantation. The only harm done by them in 

 the plantation is to species grown on a small scale. In 1912 Eucalyplus and 

 Terminalia tomentosa were tried experimentally in compartment 60, the former 

 were browsed down by nilghii in the winter and the latter were rooted up by pigs 

 soon after germination. Shooting of these pests should be encouraged all the 

 year round and permission to hunt and shoot them should be given regardless of 

 close seasons as there is little prospect of ever being able to do more than reduce 

 their numbers to reasonable limits. 



Past working and yield. 



18. Appendix IV gives the areas felled year by year from 1896-97 to 



1915-16 with the yield. The yield has undoubt- 

 edly been rising though, as it varies very greatly 

 from compartment to compartment and as the compartments have never been 

 felled at the same age in the 1st and 2nd rotations a direct comparisDn is 

 impossible. The following figures however show that the yield has risen 

 considerably : 



The yield of 518 acres felled at the age of 15 years in 1885-86 amounted 

 to 137 cubic feet stacked per acre per annum. The yield of 464 acres felled 

 in the 2nd rotation at an average age of 15 years amounted to 246 cubic feet 

 stacked per acre per annum. There are probably several causes which account 

 for this rise in the yield. In the first rotation seedling crops were felled as 

 against coppice crops in the second. The plantation to start with was nearly 

 pure sissop whereas now it is principally mulberry. Both the density of the 



