13. The injurious factors which have to be considered are drought, 



wind, fungus and wild animals. Occasionally the 

 to which tht crop u liable irrigation arrangements do not work smoothly 



and this results in late irrigation for some parts 



of the plantation. When this happens in a hot dry year such as 1914-15, 

 crops which receive their annual watering late in the season suffer. Some 

 compartments did not get water till late in June 1915 and in them the mul- 

 berry particularly suffered. The damage may have been due in part to 

 unusual heat since a few mulberry and many toon trees were seen suffering 

 apparently from drought even though standing near irrigation channels con- 

 stantly in use. Though perhaps not essential it appears to be advisable to 

 water every part of the plantation once at least by the end of May if possible 

 and to water as large an area as possible a second time, rather than to give a 

 larger quantity of water at the first watering and not to get round the planta- 

 tion till late in June. 



14. "Wind causes a good deal of damage, especially in crops which have 

 w . . recently been irrigated. Fallen trees occur in 



such numbers that it is not possible to collect 



more than a portion of them and many valuable stems are left to rot on the 

 ground. It is not correct to assume that all the wind-fall is due primarily to 

 wind, as in the case of sissoo standards, it is usual to find that they have first 

 been attacked by fungus and have only fallen after their roots have become 

 rotten. In the case of mulberry much of the wind-fall and wind-break is |due 

 to the very dense state of the crop. The trees have been so drawn up by close 

 growth that they cannot stand without the support of their neighbours and con- 

 sequently once the wind gets into such a crop extensive wind-fall results. At 

 the time of preparing the description of compartments it was noticed in many 

 places in very dense mulberry crops about 12 years old that at least half of the 

 crop had been blown down and many compartments which had been densely 

 stocked were tending to become very open. It is hoped in future by periodic 

 thinning to prevent most of this damage. 



15. The sissoo fungus has been referred to already many times, it is 

 Fomei lucid**. Forties lucidus, a fungus which as a saprophyte 



attacks many kinds of trees including the mul- 

 berry, but in the case of sissoo is a dangerous parasite. The symptoms of the 

 attack vary considerably, sometimes a tree will be found to be dead or dying 

 and the sporophores may be found on its stem or much more rarely on a super- 

 ficial root. Occasionally the sporophores may be noticed on a tree which is 

 apparently quite healthy, and in one instance the writer noticed a tree the 

 lower portion of the stem of which bore dozens of sporophores on all sides and 

 yet the foliage appeared quite healthy. Much more usually sissoo trees are 

 found dead and standing with no external sign of fungus or they will be found 

 fallen and either green or dying or dead and also as a rule with no external 

 sign of fungus. Such trees will be found to have the sapwood of the roots 

 completely rotten though every root may not be attacked up to the time the 

 tree falls. Although probably more often than not, no sporophores are found 

 on the trees attacked, yet in the case of large trees a considerable proportion 

 show them. Whether sporophores are found or not the symptoms are the 

 same, namely, the sap-wood of one or more or all of the roots of the tree is 

 rotten, and as there is no reason to suppose that more than one fungus is res- 

 ponsible for the damage it may be assumed that all sissoo showing these 

 symptoms have been attacked by Fames lucidus. In compartments 66, 67 and 

 68 in which the sissoo is now 14 years old the trees have been killed off whole- 

 sale by the fungus and will be found standing or fallen, with rotten roots, 

 though it is rare to find one bearing a sporophore. Even seedlings 4 years old 

 have been found killed by the fungus and its sporophores have been found on 

 them. The sporophores it may be mentioned occur low down on the stem 

 commonly forming a ring round the stem at ground level. Occasionally they 

 occur a few feet above the ground or still more rarely they appear from a 

 euperficial root. 



