624 PHYSIOLOGY CHAP. 



the parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes. According to Flechsig, 

 in fact, it is in this region that the greater part of man's intellectual 

 inheritance is stored up, and the visual, auditory, tactile, and 

 olfactory images associated into higher mental products. 



R. Wagner concluded from his comparative anthropological 

 studies on the brains of highly intelligent persons, and of those of 

 mediocre or low intellect, that the degree of development of the 

 intellectual faculties depends on the wealth and depth of the 

 sulci, that is, on the surface area of the cerebral cortex, rather 

 than on the weight or total volume of the brain. This tends to 

 support the view that the intellectual faculties are not located 

 in any one part of the brain, but depend on the organ as a 

 whole, and develop in proportion with the grey matter of the 

 cortex. 



But after a more minute analysis of the development of the 

 several regions of the cerebral cortex, Riidinger (1882) noted the 

 important fact that the parietal convolutions are extraordinarily 

 well developed in men of high intelligence, as compared with 

 ordinary individuals and the lower human races. He was able to 

 obtain eighteen brains of people with different claims to eminence, 

 among them Dollinger, Bischoff, Lasaulx, and Liebig. In examin- 

 ing these he was specially struck by the exceptional development 

 of the convolutions and fissures of the parietal lobe, which gives 

 this region quite a different aspect from that of the brains of 

 uncultured persons. The study of the skulls of Kant, Gauss, 

 Dirichlet also showed marked development of the parietal region. 

 In the skulls of Bach and of Beethoven, which have been 

 studied by His and by Flechsig, there was a marked development 

 of the posterior regions of the brain (parieto-occipito-temporal) 

 and the Rolandic region, while the pre- frontal lobes were of 

 only comparatively insignificant dimensions. The brain of the 

 astronomer Gylden, examined by Retzius, showed considerable 

 development of the parietal lobe, especially of the angular gyrus. 

 In Helmholtz' brain, according to Hansemann, the pre-cuneus 

 and parietal region included between the angular gyrus and 

 the upper temporal gyrus were remarkable in size. Raffaelle's 

 cranium, studied by Mingazzini in an authentic chalk drawing at 

 Urbino, shows a striking contrast between the modest height of 

 the forehead and great expansion of the occipital and parietal 

 lobes. The skulls of Gauss and Richard Wagner, according to 

 His and Flechsig, on the contrary exhibit a striking development 

 not only of the posterior association area, but also of the anterior 

 or pre-frontal association area of Flechzig. 



On the other hand, S. Sergi (junior), in a recent study of the 

 brain of the various human races (1909), has brought out the fact 

 that the development of the frontal lobe is not in ratio with the 

 degree of intellectual development, and that the highest races are 



