viii THE HUMAN RACES 333 



differences between white races and negroes on the one hand, and 

 negroes and Mongolians (Japanese) on the other. 



II. The negro is proved to be at a lower philogenetic stage than 

 the European, i.e. he presents morphological characteristics of a 

 more primitive order. 



The following table shows our present knowledge of the most 

 important differences between Europeans, negroes, and Japanese : 



_,,,_ Europeans. Negroes. Japanese. 



NECK. Percentage. Percentage. Percentage. 



Sterno-hyoideus : inscriptio tendinea present . 1-5 6'6 70'7 



Sterno-thyroideus 22-2 65D 



TRUXK. 



Sternalis present 4'1 12'5 15-8 



Pyramidalis present 851) 89-1 96O 



UPPER LIMB. 



Biceps Brachii : Caput tertium present . . 9*1 12'5 15-7 



Palmaris longus present . . . . . 44 D 48-3 49-5 



LOWER LIMB. 



Psoas minor present . . . . . 44 D 48 '3 49-5 



Gemullus superior present 92D 93'0 100O 



Plantaris present 92 -9 94 '7 89-0 



Peronaeus tertius absent ..... 8'2 9'6 4-5 



Flexor dig. brevis: tendon for the fifth toe . . 79-5 81 '9 75-6 



It follows that the negro occupies a position between the 

 European and the Japanese, with the exception of three muscles 

 of the lower limb (plantaris, peronaeus tertius, Jiexor dig. brevis). 



With regard to the variations of the eleven muscles indicated 

 in this table, the negro presents characteristics of a more primitive 

 order than does the European. The case of the Japanese is very 

 different ; we notice a difference in the sterno-hyoid muscle, but 

 the most striking fact about the Japanese is, that while the body 

 as a whele shows a more primitive structure than that of either 

 the European or the negro, the muscles of the lower extremities 

 are more highly evolved than those of the two other races. This 

 fact was pointed out by Adachi; Loth considers it difficult of 

 explanation ; we are forced to admit that the Mongolians, whilst 

 the most primitive as regards the body as a whole, have reached 

 the highest stage of evolution as regards the lower limbs. 



Loth, in support of the inferiority of the muscular morpho- 

 logical characteristics of the negro as compared with the European, 

 adduces a number of racial differences which cannot be numerically 

 expressed. From a comparative table it results that the negro 

 clearly shows primitive characteristics as compared with the 

 European in 32 out of 44 muscles. Amongst these may be 

 mentioned the ocular muscles, which are less differentiated, although 

 highly developed; the relative frequency of irradiation in the 

 nape region of the platysma myoides, the crossing of the two 



