334 PHYSIOLOGY CHAP. 



muscles quadrati lab. inf. in the centre ; the remarkable develop- 

 ment of the zygomatic arch ; the indefinite outlines of the orb. oculi 

 muscles ; the singularity of the quadr. lab. in the width of the 

 sterno-hyoid and sterno-thyroid muscles ; the tendency to median 

 crossing shown by the pectoralis major muscle; the increase in 

 the tendinous insertions of the rectus abdominis, and its nearer 

 costal insertion ; the shortening of the trapezius muscle ; the 

 enlargement of the splenius ; the extraordinary variability of the 

 sacro-spinal muscular system ; reductions both in extent and 

 volume, besides tendencies to anastomoses in certain muscles of 

 the fore-arm. 



The principal forms of the nose, judged by the length and 

 breadth of the nose and nostrils, are leptorrhinous (long nose) and 

 platirrhinous (broad nose) ; the intermediate forms are known as 

 mesorrhinous. The eye is of two different shapes, that seen in 

 Europeans and the slanting or Mongolian eye (Fig. 132). 



Fio. 132.1, European eye; 2 and 3, Japanese eye, Mongolian type. (Balz.) 



Another constant physical characteristic of the various races 

 is their height measured from the head to the soles of the feet. 

 This characteristic has hitherto been regarded as of merely 

 secondary importance, because it was supposed to vary immensely 

 in individuals belonging to the same race; this view Deniker 

 holds to be wrong, since there are fixed racial limits to these 

 variations. Infants born in Paris are on an average two milli- 

 metres taller than those born in St. Petersburg, their heights 

 being 499 mm. and 477 mm. respectively. 



The available statistical data on this subject are, however, 

 inadequate, especially in relation to the height of non-European 

 races. 



The extreme limits within which the height of the individual 

 varies are supposed to be 125 and 199 cm. for the normal male 

 adult; below and above these limits we find the pathological 

 conditions known as nanism and gigantism. It is, however, 

 extremely rare for an individual to reach either of these limits ; 



