VIII 



THE HUMAN EACES 



371 



they increasingly incline to admit that these remains must be 

 those of a primitive form of anthropoid ape endowed with more 

 characteristics of a primitive human form than are seen in the 

 anthropoid ape of the present day. 



Fossil remains of primitive human beings, which are of special 

 interest to anthropologists by reason of the characteristics dis- 

 tinguishing them from the skeleton of modern man, were found in 

 1856 in the Neander Valley (Neandertal, Figs. 136 and 137), in 

 1886 at Spy (province of Namur in Belgium); in 1808 in 

 Moustier (Dordogne); at Naulatte, Mauer-Heidelberg, Krapina, 

 Chapelle-aux-Sains, Cro-Magnon, etc. 



FIG. 137. The same skull seen in profile ; lateral norm. 



All these fossil remains were taken from geological strata of 

 the quaternary age and are characteristic by reason of their 

 morphological features. Scientists naturally devote special atten- 

 tion to the characteristics of the skull ; the cranial capacity of 

 these remains, for instance, is markedly inferior to that of modern 

 man, as will easily be seen on reference to Fig. 138. 



The inferiority of these remains is also shown by other 

 characteristics such as the shape of the femur (Fig. 139), the 

 ocular orbit and the jaws ; while the absence or very slight 

 development of the chin as we see it in man of our own day is 

 specially remarkable (Fig. 140). 



