VIII 



THE HUMAN EACES 



373 



Darwin and Haeckel are amongst the advocates of mono- 

 genism, a doctrine which, as Hoernes observes, may be regarded 

 as representing the ancient and traditional conception arising out 

 of the religious ideas of humanity. Living anthropologists are 

 divided in their opinions ; the most ardent adherent of polygenism 

 in Italy is Giuseppe Sergi, who has recently collected a mass of 

 arguments against the monophiletic concept, while a more or less 

 modified form of monogenism is advocated by Morselli and 

 Giuffrida-Ruggieri. 



FIG. 139. Femur of the Neander Valley skeleton (Nt) compared with that of an Australian (A), a 

 Negro (N), and a Negrito (Ng) of the Philippine Islands, by Kki.itsc.-h. (M. Hoernes.) The 

 drawing on the right shows the front, that on the left the side view of the same bones. 



Sergi considers that comparative study of the different existing 

 human races proves the existence of human groups which can be 

 sharply distinguished from one another. In this comparative 

 study the various anthropological and ethnical criteria which 

 have hitherto been studied separately must be considered as a 

 whole. Each of these human groups comprises in its turn a 

 series of subordinate groups, having kindred characteristics ; 

 hence the necessity of giving another name to the groups of the 

 former class and of not applying to them the terms " species " or 

 " race," which should be reserved for those of the second class : 

 he suggests the term " genus." 



The main argument of monogenists is that individuals of 



