Human Physiology. 19 



to the level of the best and highest, in respect to the con- 

 ditions of health, and we shall secure to all the minimum of 

 disease, and the maximum of longevity. 



According to an official report, out of 100 deaths of all ages, 

 those of children under five years of age were in 



Children. Children. 



Ash ton ... 57 Manchester ... 48 



Preston ... 53 Leicester ... 43 



Liverpool ... 52 Gloucester ... 41 



Salford ... 52 York 31 



Bradford ... 51 Lancaster ... 29 



Sheffield ... 49 Whitby 26 



Observe that infant mortality in Liverpool was exactly 

 double that in Whitby, and more than double in Preston and 

 Ashton. If we could take accounts of the worst parts of some 

 of these towns, and the poorest, and therefore worst-lodged 

 portion of their inhabitants, the figures would be more strik- 

 ing. The mortality among the children of factory operatives 

 is simply appalling, when contrasted with that among the 

 children of the gentry. 



More than half the children of the working classes die, and 

 in some cases the proportion reaches nearly two-thirds and 

 only one-fifth of the children of the upper classes die, before 

 they are five years old. " Of one thousand children born of 

 poor parents, in Manchester, there are five hundred and 

 seventy who die before they have reached their fifth year. In 

 seven years, thirteen thousand three hundred and sixty-two 

 children have died there, above the average rate of deaths." 



In Sunderland, just one half of all that are born, die in 

 infancy. In special cases, the mortality among infants 

 amounts to extermination. A writer in the Financial Refor 

 mer, some years ago, endorsed as "a gentlemen of station 

 and high character," said: "I state as a fact, which I am 



