Human Physiology. 51 



nature chronic. The desire for ' comfort' without work, which 

 is its root, is one which every year intensifies. The single 

 remedy, it is to be feared, is national poverty, which, by 

 making all men watchmen, prevents the very inception of 

 crime." 



In the criminal statistics of England and Wales for 1866, we 

 iind that crime gives employment to 23,728 policemen, who 

 cost the country ,1,827, 105. This sum of nearly two millions 

 must be doubled to show the real loss to the country in this one 

 item. We lose what we pay them, and also what they would 

 profit us, if engaged in some productive industry. Thus we 

 lose by army and navy more than double their cost, and the 

 same by the useless lives of crowds of servants kept for show 

 rather than use. To the cost of police must be added that of 

 magistrates, judges, juries, officers of courts, criminal lawyers, 

 prosecutors, witnesses, prisons, &c. " One sinner destroyeth 

 much good." 



The criminal classes "at large," in 1866, in spite of the exer- 

 tions of 23,728 policemen, are set down at 113,566, of whom 

 33,191 are classed as tramps and vagrants. Of the criminals 

 not at large, 16,708 were in local prisons, 7,018 in convict 

 establishments, and (most inadequate number) 3,635 in refor- 

 matories. Magistrates and police allowed the existence, in 

 England and Wales, of 20,249 houses of bad character, such 

 as houses of prostitution, resorts of thieves, and of the receivers 

 of stolen goods. There were registered 50,542 indictable 

 offences, and 27,190 persons were committed for trial, while 

 481,770 cases were dealt with summarily by the magistrates. 

 There were 131 murders, 45 attempts to murder, 679 cases 

 of shooting, stabbing, &c., 259 cases of manslaughter, 8 of 

 attempts to procure miscarriage, 2 1 1 of concealment of birth, 

 155 of unnatural offences, 257 of rape, 322 of assaults with 

 intent, &c., 272 of assaults and bodily harm, 207 of common 

 assault In 1865, the criminal classes were registered 116,626, 



