.2^8 Human Physiology. 



sensations of health in all creatures are those of pleasure. 

 There is a mild enjoyment what we call comfort in mere 

 existence ; in living and breathing. We hold to mere life with 

 a strong clutch, and have an instinctive horror of annihilation. 

 And it may be that we love life because we have, or hope to 

 have, pleasure or happiness in it. All our senses give us 

 pleasurable sensations. We enjoy beauty, music, odours, 

 savours, and some phases of the sense of feeling, with an ex- 

 quisite enjoyment. We have higher pleasures in the intellect 

 and the emotions. Every achievement, success, approbation, 

 above all, love, fills us with delight. Memory brings to us the 

 accumulated pleasures of the past. Hope promises still more 

 in the future. We have wonderful sources of happiness in 

 nature, in ourselves, in our fellow creatures. 



But there is also the liability to pain. Physical pain is evi- 

 dently protective. It guards the body, in men and all animals, 

 from danger. The fear and fact of pain is a perpetual warning. 

 We protect our senses, our limbs, our lives, because every in- 

 jury to the body is attended with pain. Pain warns us against 

 too great fatigue of body or brain. We are compelled to rest 

 by our sensations. But for pain we should burn or freeze ; or 

 die of hunger or thirst. Our emotions are also painful, and 

 this pain must also have its use and necessity. Simple depri- 

 vation of mental or emotional pleasure gives us pain, like that 

 Df hunger or thirst. We long for approbation, we long for love. 

 We are deeply pained at scorn, contempt, hatred, or even in- 

 difference. We suffer from care, anxiety, the apprehension of 

 future evils and sufferings. From these moral pains all the 

 animal races seem to be quite free, and wanting also in the 

 corresponding capacities for happiness. Some animals, how- 

 ever, suffer keenly from the loss of their mates, and persons to 

 whom they have become attached, and dogs and birds are cap- 

 able of a kind of jealousy. But it is not probable that any 

 animal is troubled with the apprehension of future calamities. 



