*j.28 Human Physiology. 



in numbers, without marriage; and the Rappites, with the 

 usual monogamic marriage. The Mormons have had a still 

 more striking success with the Oriental, Jewish, and Mahomme- 

 dan institution of polygamy every Mormon being obliged, as 

 a religious duty, to marry as many wives, and raise up as many 

 children for the Lord as he can support. In these three typical 

 cases religion appears to be the central, controlling, vivifying 

 element; Anne Lee, Rapp, Joseph Smith, and his successor 

 Brigham Young, widely differing in faith and practice, have 

 yet all appealed to the religious sentiment in man, and have 

 all had a certain measure of success. The social experiments 

 in which this element has been neglected have, so far as I am 

 aware, been unsuccessful. 



The most important of these in recent times have been 

 the communistic experiments of Owen and Cabet, and some 

 attempts to found industrial associations according to the 

 theories of the grandest of modern social philosophers. Charles 

 Fourier. Robert Owen, after some success in educating and 

 making comfortable a manufacturing village in Scotland, founded 

 an agricultural community at New Harmony, Indiana. They 

 had plenty of fertile land, sufficient capital, many earnest and 

 clever men and women ; but no efficient government. Hold- 

 ing all things in common, they adopted the democratic prin- 

 ciple of government by majority, and while they debated on 

 the best methods of agriculture, the fields were unploughed, 

 and the corn implanted. Discord brought famine, and the 

 community was scattered. Josiah Warren, one of the New 

 Harmony communists, zealously laboured to introduce two 

 principles of social organisation, or disorganisation one politi- 

 cal and moral, the other politico-economical. The first was 

 "The Sovereignty of the Individual, to be maintained at his 

 own cost;" the second, "Cost the Limit of Price." The first 

 taught the absolute freedom of every individual to do as he 

 liked, so long as the effect or consequence of his action rested 



