394 VOICE AND SPEECH. 



made which would lead to the conclusion that they can communi- 

 cate to a certain extent with their fellows. 



Vowels. These are sounds produced by vibrations of the 

 vocal bands, but modified by the resonating cavities, to which 

 modification the difference in their quality is due : and if the 

 variations in the cavity of the mouth together with those of the 

 tongue and soft palate are observed while different vowels are 

 sounded, this fact will be readily understood (Fig. 216). 



Consonants. These are not produced by the vocal bands as 

 are the vowels, but by obstructions placed in the way of an out- 

 going blast of air ; and places where these obstructions are placed 

 are positions of articulation. " The consonants are classified ac- 

 cording to (1) their places of closure ; (2) the completeness of the 

 closure ; (3) their utterance with breath or voice. The first dis- 

 tributes them into (a) labials, or lip-consonants p, f, b, v, m, w ; 

 (6) dentals, or tooth-consonants t, d, th, dh ; (c) palatals, or palate- 



i<a. 216. Section of the parts concerned in phonation, and the changes in their 

 relations in sounding the vowels A ( ah ), /(), U () : T, tongue ; p, soft palate; e, 

 epiglottis ; g, glottis ; h, hyoid bone ; 1, thyroid ; 2, 3, cricoid ; 4, arytenoid cartilage 

 (after Landois and Stirling). 



consonants, including sibilants s, z, sh, zh, and liquids, 1, v, n, y ; 

 (d) gutturals, or throat-consonants c-k, ch (Scottish lock), g, gh, 

 (Irish lough), h, ng. 



" The second division gives mutes, having tight closure p, b, 

 t, d, c-k, g ; the other consonants are continuous. 



" The third division gives : (I) Surds p, t, ch, c (k), f, th (as in 

 thin), s, sh, h. (2) Sonants b, d, j, g, v, dh, z, zh, w, 1, r, y, m, 

 n, ng " (Standard Dictionary}. 



Photography of the Xarynx. Prof. Thomas K. French, 

 of the Long Island College Hospital, has brought laryngeal pho- 

 tography to a high state of perfection, and has demonstrated most 

 thoroughly the changes which take place in the vocal bands during 

 the act of singing. The results of his observations are recorded 

 in the New York Medical Journal. To him we are indebted for 

 our present knowledge of this important subject, and from his 

 articles in this publication we quote freely ; the illustrations are 

 also taken from the same source. 



