BEE 



INDEX. 



BIR 



Beds, the earth every where in beds over beds, and each :( 

 them maintaining exactly the same thickness, 17. 



See, a ruminating insect, or seemingly so ; its stomach is com- 

 posed of muscular libres,232 ; operations studied ibr two thousand I 

 years, are still incompletely known ; Reaumur's account sufficiently ! 

 wonderful ; many of the facts held dubious by those conversant 

 with the subject; some declared not to have existence in nature; |! 

 three different kinds of bees ; common working bees neither male nor ' 

 female ; queen bees lay all the eggs that are hatched m a season ; 

 structure of the working bee, particularly of its trunk, which ex- 

 tracts the honey from flowers ; manner of building their cells ; in 

 one day, they make cells upon each other enough to contain three 

 thousand bees ; description of those cells ; the combs made by insen- 

 sible degrees, not at once, as some imagine ; the cells for the young 

 and for the drones ; that for the queen bee the largest of all ; those 

 for honey are deeper than the rest ;, that not the only food upon 

 which they subsist ; manner of anticipating the progress of vegeta- 

 tion ; the bee has a stomach for wax as well as honey ; bee bread ; 

 treacle for food of bees in winter ; what part of the flower has the 

 honey ; sting of the bee ; any wanting i'ood, bends down its trunk 

 to the bee from whom it is expected, which then opens its honey- 

 bag, and lets some drops fall into the other's mouth ; numerous as 

 the multitude of bees appears in a swarm, they all owe their origin 

 to one parent, called the queen-bee ; opening the body of a queen, 

 the eggs at one time found to amount to five thousand ; the queen 

 easily^ distinguished from the rest ; great fertility of the queen, and 

 the great attention paid to her, controverted by recent observers; 

 thev leave a cell to every egg, and destroy the rest; great care and 

 affe'ction for the young ; in about twenty days aller the egg was 

 laid, the bee was completely formed, and fitted to undergo the fa- 

 tigues of its state ; the cell being prepared, the animal soon trims- 

 formed into an aurelia different from that of the common caterpillar ; 

 when they begin to break their prisons, above a hundred are ex- 

 cluded in one day ; dreadful battles ol'tun ensue between the young 

 brood and the progenitors ; signs previous to their migrations ; alter 

 the migration, the queen being settled, the swarm follows, and in a 

 quarter of an hour the whole body is at ease ; sometimes sacrifice 

 their queen, but never when the hive is full of wax and honey ; the 

 working sort kill the drones in the worm-state, in the cell, and eject 

 their bodies from the hive among the general carnage ; upwards of 

 forty thousand bees found in a single hive ; instances of expedition 

 in working ; in the first fifteen days, they make more wax than 

 during the rest of the year ; a hive sending out several swarms in 

 the year, the first always the best and most numerous; a kind of 

 floating bee-house used in France, 600 to 007. 



Bees, in other countries ; in Guadaloupe are less by half than in 

 Europe, and have no sting ; sometimes there are two or three queens 

 to a swarm ; then the weaker deserted for the more powerful protec- 

 tor ; the deserted queen does not survive the defeat ; is destroyed 

 by the jealous rival ; and till this be done, the bees never go out to 

 work ; at Guadaloupe their cells are in hollow trees, sometimes with 

 a sort of waxen-house, shaped like a pear, in which they lodge their 

 honey, and lay thinr eggs ; their honey never congeals, is fluid as 

 oil, and has the colour of amber ; in the tropical climates are black 

 bees without a sting ; their wax is soft, and only used for medicinal 

 purposes, not being hard enoiigh for candles, as in Europe ; whether 

 the humble-bees have a queen or not, there is one much larger than 

 the rest, without wings, without hair, all over black, like polished 

 ebony ; this views all the works from time to time ; their habits ; 

 the honey gathered by ihe humble-bees neither so fine, so good, nor 

 the wax so clear, or so capable of fusion, as those of the common 

 bees, 807, 808. 



Bees, Leaf-cutting, make their nest, and lay their eggs, among 

 bits of leaves, 808. 



Bees, Wall, so called, because they make their nests in walls ; the 

 male and females are of a size ; the former without a sting, BO!*. 



Bee, Wouil, 80H ; Bee, Mas:/n, liee, Ground, builds its nest in the 

 earth ; the patience and assiduity of their labour, ib. 



Beetles, a ruminating insect, or seems to ruminate, 232 ; their ge- 

 neral characteristics ; their kuids distinguished from each other ; de- 

 scription of the sexes; dor-beetle, or the May-bug ; how the two in the 

 May-bug are distinguished from each other ; season of their coupling ; 

 the female bores a hole into the ground, where to deposit her bur- 

 den ; and when lightened of it, ascends from the hole to live as be- 

 fore ; their eggs ; description of the insect, and of its manner of 

 life in the worm-state ; continues in that state for more than three 

 years, changing every year its skin ; and living under the ground 

 without eyes ; in what manner it assumes the Form of a chrysalis ; 

 time when it becomes winged, and completely formed ; the old one 

 never survives the season ; and dies from the severity of cold in 

 yrinter ', its habits and food, when completely formed ; number of 



their eggs ; rooks and hogs particularly fond of them, and devour 

 them in great numbers ; instances of great devastations made bv 

 the May-bug ; description and habits of that beetle which the 

 Americans call the tumble-dung ; the insect called the king of the 

 beetles ; description of the elephant-beetle, the largest of this kind 

 hitherto known, t<18 to ?2I. 



lirififtirs, a question in the schools, which the most happy man, 

 the beggar by night, and the king by day ; or the beggar by day, 

 and king by night, J57. 



l,i Idler,' (Mr.) See Stood, 173. 



Be.ll, the great diving-bell improved by Dr. Halley ; lie could 

 write or read in it when the sea was clear, and especially when the 

 sun shone. Nj. 



Hell, when the stag cries, he is said tu liell, 262. 



Belli, their vibrations not heard under the receiver of an air- 

 pump, 98. 



JJclly, a minute description of the false belly of the oppossum, 414. 



Berries, the Laplanders drink water, in which juniper-berries 

 have been infused, J7'J. 



lincaiter, or the sai, a monkey of the new continent, 412. 



Bezoar, German bezoar, 2C>2. 



Bizuar-goat, the oriental bezoar, 251 ; cow-bezoar, monkey-be- 

 zoar, and hog-bezoar, 2T>2. 



HUIitin", a name given by the huntsmen to the excrement of the 

 fox, 323. 



Jiirclt, hares are particularly fond of it, 34t>. 



Birds, all produced from the egg, 120 ; their lower eye-lid alone 

 has motion, 142 ; have the neck longer than any other kind of ani- 

 mals; those which have short claws have also short necks, those 

 that have long claws have the neck in proportion, 147 ; have a power 

 of discharging food to feed their young ; ruminating birds, 232 ; 

 many kinds which the dog will not touch, 317 ; hunters often in- 

 formed by the birds of the place of retreat of the fox, 324 ; a flock 

 of small birds often alarms every thicket, and directs the hunter to 

 the martin, 33G; formed fur a life of escape ; surpass fishes and in- 

 sects in the structure of their bodies, and in sagacity ; their anatomy 

 and conformation ; compared to a ship making way through water ; 

 are furnished with a gland behind containing a proper quantity of 

 oil ; to what purpose ; description of their feathers ; the pectoral 

 muscles of quadrupeds trifling to those of birds ; choose to rise 

 against the wind, and why ; all except the nocturnal have the heads 

 smaller, and less in proportion to the body, than quadrupeds ; their 

 sight exceeds most other animals, and excels in strength and preci- 

 sion ; have no external ear standing out from the head ; the feathers 

 encompassing the ear-holes supply the defect of the exterior ear ; 

 the extreme delicacy of their sense of hearing is easily proved by 

 their readiness in learning tunes, or repeating words, and the exact- 

 ness of their pronunciation ; their delicacy in the sense of smelling ; 

 instances of it in ducks; the tail guides their flight like a rudder, 

 and assists them either in the ascent or descent ; wonderftil internal 

 conformation; the wind-pipe often makes many convolutions within 

 the body of the bird, and is then called the labyrinth; of what use 

 these convolutions are, no naturalist has been able to account ; this 

 difference obtains in birds to all appearance of the same species ; 

 whence some derive that loud and various modulation in their 

 warbling is not easily accounted for ; birds have much louder voices 

 in respect to their bulk than animals of other kinds ; all have pro- 

 perly but one stomach, but different in different kinds ; the organs 

 of digestion in a manner reversed in birds; why they pick up sand, 



f ravel, and other hard substances ; most have two appendices or 

 lind-guts ; in quadrupeds always found single ; all birds want a 

 bladder for urine ; their urine differs from that of other animals ; 

 effects of the annual moulting which birds suffer ; their moulting- 

 time artificially accelerated, and how ; the manner in which nature 

 performs the operation of moulting ; their moulting-season ; many 

 live with fidelity together for a length of time ; when one dies, 

 the other shares the same fate soon after ; the male of wild birds ae 

 happy in the young brood as the female ; nothing exceeds their pa- 

 tience while hatching ; Addison's observations to this purpose ; great 

 care and industry in providing subsistence for their young ; they 

 feed eacli of the young in turn, and why ; perceiving their nests or 

 young to have been handled, they abandon the place by night, and 

 provide a more secure, though less commodious retreat ; the young 

 taught the art to provide for their subsistence ; those hatched and 

 sent out earliest in the season the most strong and vigorous, 448 to 

 4(il ; they endeavour to produce early in the spring, and why ; ef- 

 forts for a progeny when their nests are robbed ; such as would have 

 laid but two or three eggs, if their eggs be stolen, will lay ten or 

 twelve ; the greatest number remain in the districts where they 

 have been bred ; and are excited to migration only by fear, climate, 

 or hunger ; cause of the annual emigrations of birds ; limes of mi- 



