H 



CRA 



INDEX. 



CRO 



Cows, allured by music, 100 ; of ruminant animals, the cow kind 

 deserves the first rank ; meanest peasants in Germany, Poland, and 

 Switzerland, kill one cow at least for their own table ; salted and 

 hung up, is preserved as a delicacy the year round ; cows want the 

 upper tore-tcetli ; in no part of Europe cows grow so large, yield 

 more milk, or more readily tiit'en, than in England ; make no par- 

 ticular distinction in their herbage, indiscriminately devouring the 

 proper quantity ; it givus buck mr.rc than it takes from the soil ; 

 so of the cow known by the teeth and horns ; the number of 

 .eth; hve eight cutting teeth in the lower jaw; manner of 

 i Hewing tin-in : flic horns more surely determine this animal's 

 n;fe, and ho\v ; while this animal lives, the horns lengthen ; wants 

 in udder what it his in neck ; the larger the dew-lap, the smaller 

 liie quantity of iis milk ; the kind to be found in every part of the 

 world ; larger in proportion to the richness of the pasture ; Africa 

 remarkable tor tliu largest and smallest cattle of this kind ; as also 

 India, Poland, and Switzerland ; among tile Elutli Tartars, the cow 

 so Urge, tiiat a tall man can only reach the tip of its shoulder ; of 

 all quadrupeds, the cow most liaule to alteration from its pasture ; 

 the breed of the Isle of Man, and most parts of Scotland, much less 

 than in England, sis.j differently shaped ; the breed improved by 

 foreign mixture, adapted to supply the imperfections of our own; 

 such as purely British, far inferior in size to those of the Continent ; 

 the cow, the urus, and the bison, animals of the same kind ; differ- 

 ence in size not so remarkable as those in its form, hair, and horns ; 

 many considered as a different kind, and names given to them as a 

 distinct species, when in reality all the same ; only two varieties 

 of the kind really distinct, the cow and the buffalo ; they bear an anti- 

 pathy to each other ; scarce a part of the world where the cow kind 

 is not found ; variety of the horns ; those in Iceland, are without 

 horns; the Barbary cow, or zebu ; of all animals, the cow most ex- 

 tensively propagated ; an inhabitant of the frozen fields of Iceland 

 and the burning deserts of Lybia ; other animals preserve their na- 

 ture or their form with inflexible perseverance ; the cows suit 

 themselves to the appetites and convenience of mankind ; no ani- 

 mal has a greater variety of kinds, none more humble and pliant ; 

 the cow and bison breed among each other ; the cow does not 

 breed with the buffalo ; no animals more distinct, or have stronger 

 antipathies to each other ; the cow goea nine months with young ; 

 the grunting or Siberian cow, and the little African or zebu, are 

 different races of the bison ; animals of the cow kind by naturalists 

 extended to eight or ten sorts, reduced to two ; an animal of the 

 cow kind no naturalist has described ; the description of it, 233 to 

 240 ; the Greeks compared the eyes of a beautiful woman to those 

 of a cow, 251 ; it eats two hundred and seventy-six plants, and re- 

 jects two hundred and eighteen, 26U. 



Cow liczoar, a factitious sort, '^.V>. 



Crab, a ruminating fish, 39 ; surprising manner in which the 

 monkeys draw crabs from the water, 4011 ; found in fresh and salt 

 water, and upon land ; description ; its intestines have many con- 

 volutions ; land-crabs of various kinds; some healthful and nou- 

 rishing ; others poisonous or malignant to a great degree ; places 

 where found, 005. 



Crab (cialet) of the Caribbee islands, described; most noted, 

 both for shape and delicacy of its flesh ; their food ; their nippers 

 the principal instruments for seizing and cutting their food ; catch 

 such hold, that the limb is lost sooner than the grasp ; thus it gets 

 off, leaving its claw fastened upon the enemy ; the claw performs 

 its duty, and keeps a minute fastened upon the finger, while the 



uinazing inarch from the mountains to the sea-shore, to deposit the 

 spawn, from which soon after millions of little crabs are seen slow- 

 ly travelling up the mountains ; wait the benefit of sea-water for 

 their delivery ; eiiange their shells, at which period they become 

 quite naked, and almost without motion for six days, when they be- 

 come so fat as to be delicious food ; have under their stomachs four 

 white stones, which gradually decrease, as the shell hardens, and 

 when come to perfection are not to be found ; season and manner 

 in which they are caught ; in Jamaica they are in great plenty, and 

 considered as one of the greatest delicacies ; many of this kind 

 found poisonous, 003 to 607. 



Crab (soldier) a native of the West Indies ; its description ; seen 

 every year descending from the mountains to the sea-shore, to de- 

 posit its spawn, and to provide itself with a new shell ; contest be- 

 tween them for some well-looking favourite shell, for which they 

 are rivals ; strike with their claws ; bite ach other, till the weakest 

 is obliged to yield and give up the object of dispute ; when taken 

 .sends forth a feeble cry, endeavouring to seize the enemy with its 

 jnippers ; not much esteemed for its flesh, COS, 669. 



Cravr, bred familiarly in our marshes formerly ; not now, ami 

 why, 457 ; general characteristics and habits of birds of the crane- 

 kind ; their food and flesh ; description of the crane ; their nests 

 are more simple than the sparrow's ; Gesner says, its feathers, in 

 his time, were set in gold, and worn as ornaments in caps ; de- 

 scription of this bird from ancient writers, who have mixed ima- 

 tion with history ; whence have arisen the fables of supporting Their 

 aged parents, and fighting with pigmies ; the crane a social bird, 

 iit.il seldom seen alone ; usual method of flying or sitting, in flocks 

 of fifty or sixty together ; while part feed, the rest keep guard ; 

 subsists mostly upon vegetables ; are known in every country of 

 Europe, except our own; are birds of passage; seasons of their 

 migrations, during which they do incredible damage, chiefly in the 

 night ; were formerly known, and held in great estimation here for 

 the delicacy of their flesh ; there was a penalty upon destroying 

 their eggs; Plutarch says cranes were blinded, kept in coops, ami 

 fattened for the tables of the great in Rome ; at present they are 

 considered all over Europe as wretched eating ; qualities of its 

 flesh ; the cold Arctic region this bird's favourite abode ; their note 

 the loudest of all other birds ; and often heard in the clouds, when 

 the bird itself is unseen ; amazing heights to which they ascend 

 when they fly; though unseen themselves, they have distinct 

 vision of every object below ; govern and direct their flight by their 

 cries ; extraordinary length and contortion of its windpipe; use 

 made of their clangorous sound ; they rise but heavily, are shy 

 birds, and seldom let the fowler approach them ; their depredations 

 usually in the darkest nights, when they enter a field of corn, and 

 trample it down, as if crossed over by a regiment of soldiers ; corn 

 their favourite food, scarce any other comes amiss to them ; Redi'H 

 experiments to this purpose ; a little falcon pursues, and often dis- 

 ables it ; method used on such occasions by those fond of hawking; 

 barbarous customs of breeding up the cranes to be thus baited ; 

 easily tamed ; Albertus Magnus says, it has a particular affection 

 for man ; the female distinguished from the male, by not being bald 

 behind ; never lays above two eggs at a time ; the young are soon 

 fit to fly, and then the parents forsake them to shift for themselves ; 

 when unfledged, they run with such swiftness that a man cannot 

 easily overtake them ; Aldrovandus assures us one was kept tamo 

 for above forty years ; the vulgar bear the crane a compassionate 

 regard ; prejudices in its favour ; a heinous offence in some coun- 

 tries to kill a crane ; distinctions between the crane and the stork, 

 551 to 555. 



Crane, the Belearic, from the coast of Africa, and the Cape de 

 Verde islands, its description ; habits ; has been described by the 

 name of the sea-peacock ; real Belearic crane of Pliny ; foreign 

 birds of the crane kind, described ; the jabiruguacu ; the anhima ; 

 the buffoon-bird or Numidian crane, described, 557, 558; place 

 where the crane kind seem to have formed their general rendez- 

 vous, 504 ; the flamingo the most remarkable of all the kind, the 

 tallest, bulkiest, and most beautiful, described, 5(55 ; small birds of 

 the crane kind, 508. 



Criesus, (king of Lydia) seated on his throne with all the barba- 

 rous pomp of Eastern splendour, asking Solon if he had ever beheld 

 any thing so fine ? was answered, that after the beautiful plumage 

 of the pheasant, he could be astonished at no other finery, 50). 



Cricetus, the German rat, by Mr. Buffon called the hamster, its 

 description ; is the greatest pest in the countries where found. ;md 

 every method made use of to destroy it; its hole a curious object 

 for contemplation ; shows a skill superior to the rest of the rat kind ; 

 description of it ; their storehouses : contain two bushels of good 

 rain in each apartment ; means of finding out their retreats ; pro- 



duce young twice or thrice a year, and bring five or six at a tin:i> ; 

 their devastations produce a famine ; tlu-y destroy each et'-tw:' ; 

 their fur very valuable, 308. 



Crirkct, a ruminating insect, or seemingly so, 282 ; difference 

 from the grasshopper; their voice; food, 770; never drink; 

 sound of drums and trumpets make them forsake their situation, ib. 



Cricket (i:iti!t : ) described, thought to be amphibious, 777; the 

 number of their eggs ; a most detested insect by gardeners; its de- 

 vastations ; precautions of the female against the black beetle ;. their 

 care and aseiduity in the preservation of their young, ib. 



Crochet, in the head of the stag, 202. 



Crocodile, extraordinary combat between this animal and the 

 tiger, 301 ; the ichneumon discovers and destroys its eggs ; kills its 

 young, and sometimes entering the mouth of the crocodile, when 

 sleeping on the shore, effectually destroys it, 337 ; the eggs it lays 

 in the sand often amount to three or four hundred, 338 ; the 

 places where found, together with their dimensions ; description ; 

 during an inundation, it sometimes enters the cottages of the na- 

 tives, and seizes the first animal it meets with ; several examples 

 of taking a man out of a xatioe from his companions, notwithatani- 



