L1O 



INDEX. 



LOB 



33 



round, and produce malignant disorders ; they seem also to inf 

 the plants, the cattle often dying in the places where they passe 



the Laplanders form prognostics from the manner of their arrange- 

 ment ; what prognostics ; the divisions continue their engagements 

 and animosity until one party be overcome, then they disappear ; 

 and it is supposed, that having nothing to subsist on, they devour 

 each other ; their carcasses sometimes infect the air for miles 



nfect 



ng in the places where they passed ; 



the male larger, and more beautifully spotted than the female ; are 

 extremely prolific ; breeding does not hinder their march, some 

 carrying one young in their mouth, and another on their back ; are 

 greatly preyed upon by the ermine, and even by the rein-deer; dogs 

 and cats detest their flesh, but the Laplanders esteem it good eating, 

 and devour it greedily, 369, 370. 



Leo, the emperor, granted the nations in possession of the shore 

 the sole right of fishing before their respective territories, 68. 



Leopard, the American, is neither so fierce nor so valiant as that 

 of Africa and Asia, 211 ; the leopard will not fly at the approach 

 of the lion, 295; the great panther and the leopard or panther of 

 Senegal ; differences between these animals, 303. 



Lepudogaster, description of this fish, 649. 



Leprosy, in what manner the Indians endeavour to prevent the 

 Arabian leprosy, or the elephantiasis ; a disease to which man and 

 the elephant are equally subject, 420. 



Lerot, the middle dormouse, according to Mr. Buffon, 366. 



Libt'lla, the dragon-fly ; general characteristics ; eggs ; food of 

 the young ; how they prepare to change from the reptile to the Hy- 

 ing state ; description ; the strongest and most courageous of all 

 winged insects : their appetite so great that they have been seen to 

 devour three times their own size in the capture of a single hour ; 

 the business of impregnation how performed, 766, 767. 



Liboyti, the greatest of the serpent kind, 727. 



Lichen ranaiferinus, the food of the rein-deer, a moss in Lapland 

 of two kinds, the white in the fields, and the black on the trefs, 

 273, 274. 



Life, formerly supposed producible only by oviparous and vivipa- 

 rous generation, but later discoveries induce many to doubt 

 whether animal lif'o may not be produced merely from putrefac- 

 tion, 125; the beginning of our lives, as well as the end, is marked 

 with anguish, 133 ; that of infants very precarious till the age of 

 three or four ; instances of it, 138 ; the duration of life in general 

 nearly the same in most countries, 175 ; the most useless and con- 

 temptible, of all others the most difficult to destroy, 831. 



Light, the hand exposed to broad day-light some time, then im- 

 mediately snatched into a dark room, will be luminous, and re- 

 main so for some time, and why; dangerous to the sight to look 

 steadily upon bright and luminous objects, and why ; such persons 

 as read or write for any continuance should choose a moderate 

 light, 163. 



Light sent forth by the glow-worm, how produced hitherto in- 

 explicable, 821 ; sent forth by the star-fish, resembles that of 

 phosphorus, 832. 



Lightning, is an electrical flash produced by the opposition of 

 two clouds, 109 ; of the torrid zone not so fatal or so dangerous as 

 with us, otherwise those regions would be uninhabitable, 111; flash- 

 ing without noise, illuminates the sky all round in the torrid 

 zone, 110. 



Lights, northern lights illuminate half the hemisphere, 110. 



Limbs, of the inhabitants near the poles are sometimes frozen and 

 drop off, 113; some animals live without, and ollen are seen to re- 

 produce them, 831. 



Lime, manner of making it in Persia, 25. 



Line, upon the approach of the winter months under the line, the 

 whole horizon seems wrapt in a muddy cloud, 110 ; in America, all 

 that part of the continent which lies under the line is cool and 

 pleasant, 184 ; in general, as we approach the line, we find the inha- 

 bitants of each country grow browner, until the colour deepens into 

 perfect blackness, ib. 



Liniueus, the celebrated naturalist, supposes man a native of the 

 tropical climates, and only a sojourner more to the north ; argu- 

 ment to prove the contrary, 185; his method of classing animals, 

 201 ; makes the female of the bat a primus, to rank in the same 

 order with man, 3S4. 



Linnet, a bird of the sparrow kind, 837 ; taught to whistle a long 

 and regular tune, 546. 



Lion, to compare the strength of the lion with that of man, it 

 should be considered that the claws of this animal give a false idea 

 of its power, ascribing to its force what is the effect of its arms, 149 ; 

 does not willingly attack the horse, and only when compelled by 

 the keenest hunger ; combats between a lion and a horse in Italy ; 

 the lion stunned and left sprawling, the horse escapes, but the lion 

 succeeding, sticks to its prey, and tears the horse to pieces instant- 



NO. 79 &, 80. 



ly ; leaps twenty feet at a spring, 207, 208 ; produced under the 

 burning sun of Africa, is the most terrible and undaunted creature ; 

 he degenerates when removed from the torrid zone, 293 ; descrip- 

 tion of this noble animal ; a single lion of the desert often attacks 

 an entire caravan ; he crouches on his belly, and continues so with 

 patient expectation, until his prey comes within a proper distance ; 

 the female has no mane ; his roaring is so loud, that when heard in 

 the night, and re-echoed by the mountains, it resembles distant 

 thunder ; his most usual prey are gazelles and monkeys, 294, 295 ; 

 in countries tolerably inhabited, the lion is cowardly, and often 

 scared by the cries of* women and children, 289; attends to the call 

 of the jackal, 326. 



Lions, those of mount Atlas have not the strength or ferocity of 

 those of Biledulgerid or Zaara ; aperies of this animal diminishing 

 daily ; Mr. Shaw observes, the Romans carried fifty times as many 

 lions from Lybia in one year, for their amphitheatres, as are in the 

 whole country at this time ; the same remark made with regard to 

 Turkey, Persia .and I lie Indies, where lions diminish in their number 

 daily; those inhabiting the peopled countries of Morocco, or India, 

 scared away with a shout ; the keepers play with him, plague and 

 chastise him, without a cause, he bears it with composure ; but his 

 anger once excited, the consequences are terrible ; an instance 

 from Labat ; numberless accounts assure his anger noble, his 

 courage magnanimous, and his natural ferocity seldom exerted 

 against his benefactors ; lie has spared the lives of those thrown to 

 be devoured by him, afforded them part of his subsistence, and 

 sometimes abstains from food himself to suppnrt them ; necessity 

 alone makes him cruel ; the manner of hunting him by Hottentots 

 and others ; reported that he sustains hunger a long time, but 

 thirst he cannot support ; some believe him in a continual fever ; he 

 drinks as often as lie finds water, and laps it ; he requires about fif- 

 teen pounds of raw flesh in a day ; he rather hunts for a fresh spoil, 

 than returns to that he had before ; his breath is offensive, and his 

 urine insupportable ; horses for hunting them of that sort called 

 charossi, all others fly at the sight of him, 292, 293 ; the lion pre- 

 fers the flesh of camels to other food ; is also fond of that of young 

 elephants ; when old, finding men and quadrupeds together, he at- 

 tacks the latter, and never meddles with men, unless provoked ; 

 manner of copulation, time of gestation, number brought forth, and 

 time taken to come to perfection, all known; his internal structure 

 in almost every respect resembles that of a cat ; a lion in the 

 Tower of London above seventy years ; the lioness fearing her re- 

 treat discovered, hides her tracks by running back, or Brushing 

 them out with her tail ; becomes terrible with young ones to pro- 

 vide for ; lions, incited by desire, fight bloody battles, till one be- 

 comes victorious over the rest ; the size of the lion between three and 

 four feet ; the female, in all dimensions, about one-third less ; there 

 are properly no lions in America ; the puma has received the name 

 of the American lion, but when compared, is a very contemptible 

 animal ; the ancients all concurred in denominating the lion the 

 king of beasts, 296, 297. 



Lion-cut or Anaura-cat, a beautiful animal, a native of Syria and 

 Persia, 291,292. 



Lion, (Sea) described in Anson's voyages, regarded as the largest 

 ! of the seal family, 395. 



f.ijjiilo/His, the garter fish, its description, 650. 



Lips, those of the hare and of the squirrel continually move, 

 whether sleeping or waking, 345. 



Lilti'rs, in all animals, intermediate litters most fruitful ; first 

 and last generally produce fewest and weakest of the kind, 212. 



Littoral es, Latin name for those shells that are cast upon shore, 680. 



Liter of a shark affords three or four quarts of oil, 631. 



Lizards, along the coasts of Guinea their flesh esteemed a deli- 

 cacy. 315 ; differ from every other class of animals and from each 

 other, 709, 710 ; whence the greatest distinction; general charac- 

 teristics ; the water-kind changes its skin everv fourth or fifth day ; 

 sprinkled with salt, the whole body emits a viscous liquor, and the 

 lizard dies in three minutes in great agonies ; whole of the kind 

 sustain the want of ibod in a surprising manner. "I:'. 



Lizard (Chalcydon) of Aldntvandus described. 722. 



Lizard (flying) of Java, account of it by Gentil, 722. 



Loach, a description of this fish, 650 



Lobster, a ruminating fish, 232 ; very voracious, though without 

 warmth in its body, or red blood in its veins ; whatever it seizes 

 upon and has life perishes, however well defended ; they devour 

 each other, and, in some measure, eat themselves ; changing their 

 shell and stomach every year, the old stomach is the first morsel to 

 glut the new ; at first sight the head may be mistaken for the tail ; 

 its description ; the food of the young ; the moulting season ; how 

 they change their shells ; many die under this operation ; speedy 

 growth of the new shell ; and of itself after the change) the claws of 



6K 



