154 DWIGHT 



separated throat feathers is assumed and young and old become 

 indistinguishable. 



4. FIRST NUPTIAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear, the plumage 

 becoming somewhat brown late in the season. 



5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post- 

 nuptial moult, beginning, as shown by Greenland specimens, 

 early in July. 



6. ADULT NUPTIAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear. 



Female. In plumages and moults the sexes are practically 

 alike. 



Corvus americanus Aud. AMERICAN CROW 



1. NATAL DOWN. Grayish clove-brown. 



2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult. 



Body plumage dull brownish black, wings and tail glossy black with greenish and 

 some purplish reflections. Bill and feet grayish black. 



3. FIRST WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a partial postjuvenal 

 moult in July which involves the body plumage and wing coverts 

 but not the rest of the wings nor the tail. The plumage be- 

 comes lustrous greenish black everywhere, and young birds are 

 practically indistinguishable from adults although averaging 

 greener. 



4. FIRST NUPTIAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear, the feathers 

 becoming brownish and worn by the end of the breeding 

 season. 



5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post- 

 nuptial moult beginning as early as the end of June, this bird 

 being one of the earliest species to begin this moult. Practically 

 indistinguishable from first winter dress, but purplish rather 

 than greenish black. 



6. ADULT NUPTIAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear as in the young 

 bird. 



Female. The sexes are alike in plumages and moults. 



