162 DWIGHT 



Above, similar to the previous plumage, but all the browns even to the wing and 

 tail quills much darker, often black, and distinct barring rather than mottling, 

 the rule. The feathers of the back have large single subapical spots of rich 

 Mar's-brown crossed by two faint dusky bars, and the primary edgings are 

 usually grayer. Below, a rich lemon -yellow (including the chin and a sup- 

 raorbital dash) veiled with buff edgings and a black pectoral crescent is 

 acquired completely veiled with deep buff and ashy edgings. The streakings 

 below are heavier and darker, many of the feathers with subapical russet spots 

 and the bufify wash on the sides is deeper and pinker. 



4. FIRST NUPTIAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear which is exces- 

 sive by the end of the breeding season producing a dingy brown 

 and white appearance above with yellow and black below. 

 The subapical spots of the feathers of the back are almost en- 

 tirely lost by abrasion and the same force scallops out the light 

 portions of the tertiaries, wing coverts and tail. This is shown 

 on plate II, figs. 16 and 17. Neither the yellow nor the black 

 below fades very appreciably, but the shining denuded shafts of 

 the feathers project far beyond the abraided barbs. The yellow 

 seems even to be intensified by the loss of paler barbules. 



5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post- 

 nuptial moult in September. Usually indistinguishable from 

 first winter dress. 



6. ADULT NUPTIAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear as in the 

 young bird. 



Female. In natal down and Juvenal plumage the sexes are 

 indistinguishable. Later the female differs only in slightly duller 

 colors and a more restricted black area on the throat. The 

 moults are exactly the same as in the male. 



Icterus spurius (Linn.). ORCHARD ORIOLE 



1. NATAL DOWN. No specimen seen. 



2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult. 



Above, including sides of head and neck, pale grayish olive-green, buffy on rump. 

 Below, pale sulphur-yellow. Wings pale clove-brown, the primaries and sec- 

 ondaries narrowly edged with dull white, the median and greater wing coverts 

 with pale buff forming two indistinct wing bands. Tail yellowish olive-green. 

 Bill pinkish buff, becoming deep wood-brown, the upper mandible slaty. Feet 

 olive-gray, blackish when older. 



