220 DWIGHT 



Differs from previous plumage in being unstreaked and brighter colored. Above, 

 olive-yellow, brownish on the back, the wing bands strongly tinged with 

 lemon-yellow, the one at tips of greater coverts palest. Below, clear lemon- 

 yellow, a slight orange tinge often on forehead and chin. 



4. FIRST NUPTIAL PLUMAGE acquired by a partial prenuptial 

 moult which involves most of the body plumage, tail, wing 

 coverts and tertiaries. The coverts as in other species are ir- 

 regularly renewed, the brown worn primaries, their coverts, 

 the alulae and secondaries in contrast to the new coverts and 

 tertiaries which are black, edged with canary-yellow and white 

 respectively. The back is black with smoke-gray edgings and 

 the rest of the plumage canary-yellow of variable depth accord- 

 ing to individual variation, the forehead and chin more or less 

 bright with cadmium-orange. 



5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post- 

 nuptial moult and similar to first winter dress but of a richer yel- 

 low with jet-black wings and tail, the back black, with bright 

 olive-green edgings, the head and chin usually more deeply 

 tinged with orange, sometimes with dusky edgings on sides of 

 the chin and jugulum. Young and old become indistinguishable. 



6. ADULT NUPTIAL PLUMAGE acquired by a partial prenuptial 

 moult which involves the same body areas as in the young bird 

 but not the wings nor the tail, consequently old and young may 

 be told apart during the breeding season by the brown wings of 

 the young bird, black ones of the old. An undated specimen 

 from Orizaba, Mexico (Coll. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist, No. 40842) 

 shows new nuptial feathers pushing from their sheaths on the 

 crown, throat and back, the wings proving it to be an adult. 



Female. The plumages and moults correspond to those of 

 the male. The Juvenal dress is practically indistinguishable 

 from that of the male. The first winter plumage is rather duller, 

 being browner above and paler below. The first nuptial plu- 

 mage is acquired by a very limited prenuptial moult, such wing 

 coverts as are acquired being duller than those of the male and 

 the few orange-tinged feathers paler, the whole bird paler and 

 grayish. The adult winter plumage is brighter than the first 

 winter, and in adult nuptial plumage a few orange feathers may 

 appear acquired by prenuptial moult. 



