242 GARDENING. 



The shoots produced by these grafts, when about 

 a foot long, are to be trained downward, the lower 

 ones almost perpendicularly, and the upper ones 

 just below a horizontal line, and so placed as to 

 distance that the leaves of the one will not at all 

 shade the other. Continue this mode of training 

 the second year, and in the third you may expect 

 an abundant crop of fruit."* 



When an old tree becomes unproductive, one of 

 wo methods should be adopted : either to cut it 

 down within eighteen inches or two feet from the 

 ground, and train up anew some selected shoots 

 which may have pushed from the stump (which is 

 the method of Forsyth), or "to take off at its base 

 every branch which does not want at least twenty 

 degrees of being perpendicular, and all spurs from 

 such other branches as, by this rule, will be left. 

 Into these (the retained branches), at their subdivis- 

 ions, and at different distances from their bases 

 quite to their extremities, grafts must be carefully 

 inserted, which, when they attain sufficient length 

 (say twelve inches), must be trained downward be- 

 tween the branches, as directed in the preceding 

 paragraph."! 



The enemies and diseases of the pear-tree being 

 those of the apple-tree, we refer the reader to what 

 has been said in relation to them in the preceding 

 article. 



The QUINCE (Pyrus cydonia) is a native of the 

 southern and eastern parts of Europe, where it is 

 much cultivated for its fruit, which, though not eat- 

 able in a raw state, is readily converted into a mar- 



* We have varied Mr. Knight's phraseology a little, having 

 wubstituted the form of a precept for what he has given in that of 

 an experiment. 



t Forsyth's objection to the practice of cutting off old spurs, 

 viz., "that it brings on the canker, and renders the fruit small 

 and spotted," would admonish us against the employment of 

 this method, had it not been adopted and recommended by Mr 

 Knight. 



