482 



TARDIGRADA 



CHAP. 



ventral chain of four ganglia. 



The nervous system consists of a brain or supra-oesophageal 

 ganglion, whose structure was first elucidated by Plate, and a 



Anteriorly the brain is rounded, 

 and gives off a nerve to the skin ; 

 posteriorly each half divides into 

 two lobes, an inner and an outer. 

 The latter bears the eye-spot when 

 this is present. Just below this 

 eye a slender nerve passes straight 

 to the first ventral ganglion. The 

 brain is continued round the oral 

 cavity as a thick nerve-ring, the 

 ventral part of which forms the 

 FIG. 253. -Brain of Macrobiotus hufd- sub-oesophageal ganglion, united 



andi, C. Sch., x about 350. (From by two longitudinal commissures 



Plate. ) Seen from the side, ap. Lobe 



to 



Thus the brain has two channels 

 of communication between it and 

 the ventral nerve -cord on each 



of brain bearing the eye ; ce, supra- W the first Ventral ganglion. 

 oesopliageal ganglion ; d, tooth ; Ga, 

 first ventral ganglion ; ga', sub-oeso- 

 phageal ganglion ; k, thickening of the 



epidermis round the mouth ;-oc, eye- tne ventral nerve-COl'Ct on 

 spot ; oe, oesophagus ; op, nerve run- 

 ning from the ocular lobe of the brain side, one by means of the slender 



nerve above mentioned, and one 

 through the sub - oesophageal 

 ganglion. The ventral chain is composed of four ganglia con- 

 nected together by widely divaricated commissures. Each 

 ganglion gives off three pairs of nerves, two to the ventral mus- 

 culature, and one to the dorsal. The terminations of these 

 nerves in the muscles are very clearly seen in these transparent 

 little creatures, though there is still much dispute as to their 

 exact nature. 



The older writers considered the Tardigrada as hermaphrodites, 

 I nit Plate and others have conclusively shown that they are 

 bisexual, at any rate in the genus Macrobiotus. The males are, 

 however, much rarer than the females. The reproductive organs 

 of both sexes are alike. Both ovary and testis are unpaired 

 structures opening into the intestine, and each is provided with 

 a dorsal accessory gland placed near its orifice. In the ovary 

 many of the eggs are not destined to be fertilised, but serve as 

 nourishment for the more successful ova which survive. 



No special circulatory or respiratory organs exist, and, as in 

 in; my other simple organisms, there is no connective tissue. 



