Varying Moral Ideas 35 



broaden and become enlarged. This apparently would 

 be the probable explanation of many of the varying 

 codes of morals which to-day puzzle the student of 

 history. Robbery, treachery, murder, within the limits 

 of the tribe, were regarded always as unpardonable 

 offenses. When exercised toward outsiders, however, 

 they were not considered crimes. To the purely mili- 

 tant civilizations of early Greece and Rome, self-sacri- 

 fice for the benefit of the state would naturally be the 

 highest of all virtues. To the Hebrew law-giver with 

 his clearer insight into the race needs of the future, 

 righteousness, or right living, would form the basic 

 corner-stone of all morality. " For I the Lord thy God 

 am a jealous God, visiting the iniquity of the fathers 

 upon the children, upon the third and upon the fourth 

 generation of them that hate me, and showing mercy unto 

 a thousand generations of them that love me and keep 

 my commandments." If a man has only reached the 

 stage of development where he can but see the neces- 

 sity of subordinating survival of self to survival of 

 family, it seems inevitable that his sense of duty will 

 be circumscribed by his narrower mental horizon of 

 sympathy. If a man, or people, have succeeded in 

 reaching the stage where they can see the need of 

 subordinating survival of self to the survival of tribe, 

 nation, or race, then their sense of duty will become 

 enlarged to correspond with their enlarged sympathy. 

 One love will apparently not drive out the other, 

 but will transcend it. At times, it is true, these larger 

 loves may interfere in their action with one another; 



