STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 85 



further that this failure has resulted in a loss or damage to the 

 association ; then the defaulting member should forfeit to the 

 organization such a sum as would reimburse the association 

 for the loss or damages thus sustained. Some form of a bind- 

 ing contract is essential to hold the members of the association 

 together. Many an organization has failed because members 

 were only bound by a gentleman's agreement. Such a mem- 

 bership is totally inadequate for a stable and long-enduring 

 organization. 



POOLING. 



Thorough-going agricultural cooperation naturally suggests 

 the pooling of interests. Growers who ship like grades of the 

 same products during a given time, should receive like returns 

 as a matter of justice, although the shipments of one may have 

 sold at a high price because of the good fortune of arriving at a 

 good market, whereas the shipment of another may have suffered 

 great loss from conditions over which the grower and organiza- 

 tion had no control. Pooling of interests practically elminates 

 the element of chance in so far as the individual is concerned 

 and tends to secure the satisfaction of all. However, without 

 uniform grades, it is not just to pool shipments. 



UTILIZ.\TION OF BY-PRODUCTS. 



It should be the purpose of a cooperative marketing organ- 

 ization to work out all possible economics in the industry of 

 which it is a part. This suggests the utilization of by-products. 

 Under the very best agricultural methods there is always a per- 

 centage of the crop that will not grade sufficiently high to justify 

 shipment. The cotton seed industry is founded upon a by-pro- 

 duct. The preservation of dropped and culled fruits has come 

 to be an industry within itself. The savings to the farmers from 

 canneries, meat packing houses, preserving houses, pickling 

 factories and cider mills, is very great, but considering the fact 

 that in a recent year, according to estimates, 100,000 carloads 

 of agricultural products went to waste in the United States, the 

 conclusion is inevitable that the utilization of by-products of 

 the farm has been accomplished to an exceedingly limited extent. 



