CHAP. XXI.] FARMING FOR LADIES. 417 



cream to be churned : the common upright, 

 and barrel churns — as here described — being 



usually worked by hand, though in some large 

 dairies it is wrought by the aid of machinery. 

 The upright churn, also known as the 

 ^ plunge churn, is that most an- 

 ciently and commonly in use : it 

 acts by means of a long handle 

 passing through a moveable lid, 

 and furnished at the lower end 

 with a circular flat bottom, termed 

 the " dash " or " dasher — of this 

 form — which is perforated and 

 worked up and down by the dairy- 

 maid. The churn, as may be perceived, is 

 broader at the bottom than at top; and, as 



2e 



