28 FORESTRY IN SPAIN. 



been stated, comprises among other subjects, topography, 

 applied mathematics, and applied chemistry. 



The programme of studies under the head of Topography 

 comprises 1. The determination of the object of topography 

 and the difference between this and Geodesy. 2. General 

 rules in regard to tri^ngulation, and methods of giving a 

 graphic representation of the ground. 3. The selection of 

 a system which should be followed, and methods which 

 should be employed according to the cases in the prepara- 

 tion of a chart or plan ; and methods to be adopted in the 

 case of lands covered with woods. 4. A theoretic and 

 practical knowledge of the instruments and apparatus 

 employed to obtain the data required ; and of instruments 

 more adequate to meet the necessities of forestral topo- 

 graphy. 5. Calculations to be made with the data obtained. 

 6. The constructions of plans ; horizontal projections; and 

 scales. 7. The resolution of partial problems, such as 

 tracing lines of the same altitude or level ; valuation or 

 determination of areas and volumes ; the diviion of super- 

 ficies, and the finding or training of proper divisions in the 

 forests, in order to the separation of quarters, sections of 

 the forest for successive operations, and limits of fellings. 



With regard to Applied Chemistry, it may.be remarked 

 that amongst the preparatory studies, a satisfactory know- 

 ledge of which is required as a preliminary to admission 

 into the School of Forestry is the general science of chem- 

 istry. In Ihe school studies, under the head of applied 

 chemistry, is comprised the study of the objects and the 

 divisions of analitic chemistry, including : 1. With regard 

 to a laboratory, the instruments and apparatus which it 

 should contain, and the use and manipulation of these. 

 2. Reactions and general chemical analysis. 3. Qualitative 

 analysis, and the volumetric method of procedure. 4. 

 Qualitive and quantitive analysis oi rocks. 5. Analysis 

 of earths in general, and in particular that of those which 

 constitute the soli of the forests, 6, Different methods of 



