JOt FORESTRY IN SPAl'N. 



trees ; and the evaporation of the spirit of turpentine is 

 so rapid that the resin solidifies, obstructing thus the How 

 of additional material. There have not as yet been made 

 the experiments necessary to determine the maximum 

 quantity of resin which the stone pine may yield.' 



Senor Ceron having been urged repeatedly to undertake 

 the direction of the resination in the pinery called 

 ViUanueva in the Province of Puerto-Real, undertook, but 

 with some reluctance, the task, making 5000 pines of from 

 30 to 50 years of age the subject of experiment. 



1 In the latter half of March, 1872,' says he, ' they began to 

 bleed the pines. From a decimetre above the ground, to the 

 height of a metre, they cleared the bark of all asperities 

 and roughnesses for a breadth of two centimetres. With 

 a pitch worker's hatchet the first incision in the tree was 

 made, cutting into the trunk from the lower edge of the 

 cleared bark, with a bivadth of 11 centimetres, a length 

 of 2 decimetres, and a depth of 1 centimetre. 



'To collect the resinous material there was followed the 

 method of M. Hughes, there being used small vessels of 

 clay, glazed inside, in the shape of a truncated cone like a 

 small flower pot and about a quarter of a litre in size. 

 At the bottom of the incision there were fixed some iron 

 holdfasts, slightly bent, along which the resin might run, 

 flowing without loss into the receivers. As the incisions 

 are enlarged the receivers must be raised, which is done 

 by their being suspended from a nail by a hole in their 

 side. 



' It may be observed that with this species of pine the 

 receivers require to be renewed every third, or it may be 

 in some cases every fourth day, this depending on the 

 vegetative vigour of the tree and the state of the atmos- 

 phere. When, as is frequently the case in summer, the 

 east wind prevails for some time, the evaporation of the 

 spirit of turpentine, and the aqueous constituent with 

 which the resin is combined, evaporate with great rapidity ; 

 the turpentine becomes solidified, and it is thus kept from 



