ANCIENT FORESTS OF EUROPE. 27 



yews, service-trees, and maples, are actually, in Sierra- 

 Tejada, the only vestiges of the forests which crowned 

 these mountains. The Sierra de las Almijarras presents 

 still a few woody crests. Here and there clumps of oaks 

 and firs shade the Sierra de Toloza. In the Sierra 

 Nevada the pine constitutes wood of from 20 to 30 feet ; 

 whilst two different species of pines give rise to some 

 forests in Granada. The Balearic Isles are entirely 

 stripped of their trees ; and one would seek in vain in 

 the Pityusae (Ivi9a and Tormentera) for the pines to 

 which they are indebted for their names/ 



The description of the other forests of Europe con- 

 stitutes the special subject of M. Marny's work ; but it is 

 given at too great length for quotation ; enough has been 

 quoted to indicate that formerly Europe must have been 

 covered with forests. 



Moreover, according to Marsh, in Southern Europe, 

 Breul, Broglio, Brolio, Brolo; and, in Northern Europe, 

 Breuil, and the endings -dean, -den, -don, -ham, -holt, 

 -herst, -hurst, -lund, -schaw, -shot, -skog, -skov, -wald, 

 -weald, -wold, -wood, are all etymologically indicative 

 of the places so named having been situated in woods 

 or groves, though it may be no woods or groves are exist- 

 ing there now, and these are numerous. 



In England we have not a few of such names ; and we 

 have the names of numerous forests which have partially 

 or entirely disappeared, details of which I have given in 

 The Forests of England, and the Management of them in 

 Bye-gone Times [pp. 136-139 ; 140-167]. 



On the maps of Scotland, according to Chalmers, the 

 learned author of Caledonia, there are a thousand names 

 of places derived from forests which no longer exist, and 

 there also we have remains of forests which once covered 

 extensively the land Ettrick Forest, and the Caledonian 



