ELEMENTS OF MODERN FOREST ECONOMY. 103 



history, of the destruction of trees have been care- 

 fully studied, and remedial and preventive measures 

 have been devised and applied. Measures have been 

 adopted so to arrange the sites of felling and the successions 

 of these so as to secure as much protection as possible 

 against the violence of wind for all forests, and more 

 especially the protection of these while the trees are 

 young ; by legislative enactments the destruction of forests 

 on the mountain sides and mountain summits has been 

 prohibited j and even the exploitation of such, when 

 belonging to private proprietors, has been, made subject 

 to the approval of the forest officials of the State. The 

 natural history of fungi, of insects, of birds, and of beasts, 

 which are injurious to trees, and the effects produced upon 

 trees by different species of these have been studied ; and 

 foresters have been instructed in the results obtained in 

 order that they may be made acquainted in its manifold 

 aspects with the evil which is thus done, and know how 

 intelligently to follow in each case such preventive or 

 remedial treatment as may be expedient in the manage- 

 ment of forests under their charge, or what to advise in any 

 case in which their advice may be sought. 



The destruction of forests occasioned by fire has been 

 studied in its different aspects ; and salutary restrictions 

 have been imposed upon practices which imperil forests by 

 originating what may be called accidental fires; and in 

 so far as fire and the woodman's axe are employed in the 

 exploitation of forest lands and forests, appropriate 

 measures of precaution and prevention against waste have 

 been prescribed and extensively adopted. 



But together with endeavours to arrest the progress of 

 waste and destruction much is being done to replenish 

 exhausted forests, and replant forests which have been 

 destroyed, and create forests where the want of them is 

 painfully felt. 



And in the exploitation of forests, whether indigenous 

 or artificially created, it is sought so to conduct this as to 

 secure simultaneously sustained production of wood, a 



