122 MODERN FOREST ECONOMY. 



waves. For culture on the inland patches he recommended 

 more especially plantations of the white pine and of the 

 black alder, also of birches, poplars, and aspens, groves of 

 which he had seen in a state of vigorous growth between 

 the dunes ; while acacias, which had previously been 

 recommended by TitiuS, had soon disappeared, though 

 they also at first promised well. Always in the beginning 

 it is not a lofty timber forest, but only a thick bush, which 

 it should be sought to produce. 



' With a view to the fixation of the seaward slopes of 

 the dunes he erected on the crests of these a fence of 8 ft. 

 posts placed at a distance of 15 feet from each other, to 

 which he fastened with wooden pegs from three to five 

 longitudinal pieces of paling, so placed that there were 

 interstices between them at least an inch wide. The 

 design was by these on the one side to keep off the sand, 

 and on the other to keep off cattle, and to provide that, 

 should they be blown down they could easily be put up 

 again without being taken to pieces, which three men 

 could do, as there were in the posts grooves or holes in 

 which the colstaff could be placed. The whole of the 

 patch to be fixed was, moreover, encircled by a fence of 

 bushes at the base of the sandhills. 



' Furthermore, Bioern had, at some fifty fathoms beyond 

 the outermost seaward fence, what was called a "storm 

 fence/' which was constructed of light posts, with thin 

 laths of paling nailed to them, between which were 

 wrought in light branches of alder from eight to nine feet 

 long. Next to these, and at right angles to them, he threw 

 out what we may call " trap fences," which, commencing 

 from two to six fathoms beyond the storm fence, were 

 carried over some five and twenty fathoms from the crest 

 to the depth beyond ; and finally, upon the deeper places 

 which had to be filled up, there were constructed fences of 

 branches, cutting these up diagonally. With the planta- 

 tions close to the crest, and on both sides of the fences of 

 branches, he laid live hedges, in the free spaces between 

 which he planted sand grasses, and in the deepest places 



