128 MODERN FOREST ECONOMY. 



whether, in view of numerous and expensive after works, 

 planting with strand grasses be the cheapest means of 

 fixing the sands. And then there comes up the considera- 

 tion that in another way the grass planting operates 

 injuriously namely thfr stiff leaves, half broken through 

 by the wind, moved about by the wind, make circular 

 furrows around each single plant, and loosening by this 

 means the sand, and disturb the spread of vegetation. 



' Krause had often, instead of the Arundo, let them plant 

 cuttings of the sand willow. These grew well for a time 

 where they were sheltered, but died soon where this was 

 not the case; and where they did grow up they only 

 increased the injurious irregularity of the dune. Where 

 plantations were to be formed, this was done either on 

 ground already fixed, or by means of a covering of branches 

 in a way to be afterwards described. 



' When the Royal Ober-forstmeister, Julius von Panne- 

 witz, visited the works in 1821, he found a mode of fixing 

 the ground practised, which deserves mention. It 

 was an alternate planting of rows of cuttings of willow 

 and sand grass. For the rows of willow cutting they 

 adopted, according to the slope, a distance of from 8 42, 

 on an average 24', and for the intermediate rows of grass 

 plants, 2 3J'. 



' The cuttings, J and 1 \ inches thick, and 2 feet long, of 

 the Salix arenaria, the rods of which seem to succeed best 

 when cut in autumn, were planted in furrows from nine 

 inches to twelve inches deep, laid so closely that they 

 touched one another, and after the furrows were filled up 

 and trodden down they stood from three to four inches 

 above the level of the ground. The sand grass was laid 

 in slanting, and these low planted rows seemed nowhere to 

 be blown out, which, with the previously higher planted 

 rows, was everywhere the case. 



' The results which Krause obtained deserve full recogni- 

 tion, for they took away the threatening character from 

 fearful dunes ; and if it was the case that only here and 

 there they were covered with firm turf or wood they were 



