164 MODERN FOREST ECONOMY. 



tute for broad-leaved trees resinous ones, which may grow 

 well on lands on which hardwood trees cannot live. 



'To avoid recourse to this heroic remedy it is necessary 

 to take care of the young seedlings, to clear the ground 

 about them some yeafs after the fellings, to avoid as much 

 as possible late exploitations, and to cause the produce to 

 be brought out before the appearance of shoots, so as not 

 to compromise their future. 



' The impoverishment of woods treated as copse is 

 more speedy in proportion as the exploitations follow 

 after short intervals. We find hard trees, and notably the 

 oak, disappear more quickly in coppice woods felled every 

 twelve or fifteen years than in those the revolution of 

 which is fixed at twenty-five or thirty years ; but to repair 

 the evil in woods already ruined it will not suffice to 

 prolong the revolution. In such cases it is to the replace- 

 ment of disordered stumps that the proprietor should 

 give his first attention ; this he may accomplish by 

 replanting after each felling, young oaks from the 

 nursery in the void places previously cleared of herbage 

 and dead woods, [a name given to the greater part 

 of shrubs which ordinarily indicate a bad state of the 

 forest, such as elders, hazels, cornels, privet, white byrony, 

 the spindle -tree, holly, thorus, junipers, &c.] If the ground 

 be poor and covered with heath plants, this indicates an 

 advanced state of impoverishment. These plantations 

 have scarcely any chance of recovery; it is necessary in 

 these cases to employ resinous kinds of trees which are 

 less exacting than the oak. 



' Dis-barking by steam gives now-a-days the means of 

 abandoning felling during the flow of the sap without loss, 

 inasmuch as it permits of the dis-barking in winter of 

 wood recently felled. By proceeding thus, spring fellings 

 may be entirely abandoned, which is a condition very 

 favourable to the reproduction of shoots. Nothing is more 

 damaging, indeed, than the repeated passing of workmen 

 and vehicles through the midst of stumps covered with 

 nascent buds, It is desirable that the course of procedure 



