566 



HISTORY OF ZOOPHYTES. 



parts of an inch long, and when gathered up 

 into their usual form, not above a third even 

 of those dimensions. 



It was upon these minute animals that the 



sometimes irregular, and at others regular: the interior 

 walls, being simple, longitudinally striated, or lamel- 

 latcd, and stelliform. 



SECTION I. 



The polypiferous masses composed of two distinct 

 pai'ts; the jirst consisting of numerous horny fibres, 

 cither in fasciculi, radiated, interlaced, crossed, or fitted 

 together; the second is composed of a fleshy or gelatin- 

 ous pulp ; covering, enveloping, or attaching the fibres, 

 containing the polypi, and assuming in drying a consist- 

 ence more or less firm. Alcyonium<jor(/onoides,pl.BQ,f. 9. 

 The polypiferous masses polymorphous, soft, or fleshy, 

 when recent, but somewhat coriaceous and firm when 

 dried. Geodia; the polypiferous mass free, fleshy, tuber- 

 ous, hollow interiorly. Tet/iia; with a knotty subglobu- 

 lar polypiferous mass, the interior with numerous, fasci- 

 culated fibres Spongia tubidosa, pi. 30, f. 5. Polypiferous 

 mass soft, gelatinous, very flexible, and fixed; the car- 

 tilaginous matter supported by calcareous or siliceous 

 spicula; pores excessively nume'rous and irregular. The 

 spicula are represented 'at figs. 71 and 72. It will be 

 seen by the Spongia coa/ita. f. 70, that there are two kinds 

 of orifices; the larger having a rounded shape, provided 

 generally with raised margins, which form projecting pa- 

 pillae, the smaller being much more numerous, exceed- 

 inglyminute,and constituting what are termed the pores 

 of the sponge. Flabdlaria pavojiia, pi. 30, f. 17. The 

 polypifurous mass caulescent, fan-shaped, incrusted, and 

 frequently divided. Inhabits the seas of America. Fin- 

 crassata, pi. 30, f. 2. Penicillus capitatus, pi. 30, f. 18. 

 Polypiferous mass, supported on a simple, exteriorly 

 incrusted stalk, filled interiorly with many horny fasci- 

 culated fibres, and divided at its summit into a cluster 

 of filiform, dichotomous, articulated branches. Fig. 19 

 shows the articulations magnified. 



SECTION II. 



The polypiferous masses branched like plants, and 

 composed of two kinds of substance, namely, a central 

 solid axis, and a fleshy incrustation, which invests and 

 contains the polypi; axis inorganic, corneous, or stony; 

 when dried the polypiferous crust is porous, cellular, 

 and friable. Corallina corniculata, pi. 30, f. 1 1 . Polypi- 

 ferous mass adherent, greatly branched. Inhabit the 

 American and European seas. Fig. 4 is a magnified 

 view of some branches. Gorgonia verriculata, pi. 30, f. 

 8. Polypiferous mass branched and adherent. Indian 

 seas. Antipathes spiralis, pi. 30, f. 20. Polypiferous 

 mass adherent and branched. Indian ocean, his Up- 

 puris, pi. 30, f. 21. Polypiferous mass arborescent, and 

 fixed. Indian ocean. Militcea; adherent, tree-shaped, 

 h iving a. jointed knotty axis. Corallium rubrum, pi. 30, 

 1. 6. Adherent, branched, stiff, and devoid of articula- 

 tion. Fig. 7 represents one of the polypi greatly mag- 

 nified. Indian ocean. 



SECTION III. 



"With stony polypiferous masses, having star-shaped, 

 or waved laminar furrows. 



1 . "Wmi LATERAL STARS, OR SPREAD OVER THE SURFACE. 



Oriilina proUfera, pi. 30, f. 22. Polypiferous mass of a 

 stony consistence. Northern ocean. Seriatopora sulmlata, 

 pi. 30, f. 23. Adherent, stony, with slender, subcylindri- 

 cal branches. Madreporafunf/Uus,p\.'6Q,f.2'i. Adherent, 

 subdendroidal, branching. West Indian seas. Pocillopora; 

 adherent, branched, lobed, and stony. Forties clavaria, 

 I'l. ;- ( i, f. 2.5. Adherent, stony, branched, or lobed and 

 obtuse, with a stelliferous surface. American and In- 

 dian ocean. Fig. 26, this species greatly magnified. 

 Aitna rm!i,,f,,.. pi. 30, f. 27. Adherent, iucrusting marine 

 substances, or forming a hemispherical or globular mass 

 American seas. Astcria dentkulata, pi. 30, f. 26. .Em- 



of dissection was first, tried in multiply- 

 ing their numbers. They had been long con- 

 sidered as little worthy the attention of obser- 

 vers, and were consigned to that neglect in 



planaria mesenterina, pi. 30, f. 28. Adherent, stony, ex- 

 hibiting a free, foliaceous membrane. Indian ocean. 

 EcUnoptcra ; adherent, stony, depressed, and extended 

 into a free membrane. M onticularia ; adherent, stony, 

 incrusting marine substances. Meandrina labyrinthica, 

 pi. 30, f. 29. Adherent, stony, forming a simple, eon- 

 vex, or hemispherical mass. American ocean. Aqari- 

 cia ampliata, pi. 30. f. 30. Adherent, stony, with de- 

 pressed foliaceous expansions. Indian ocean. Pavoiiia, 

 miaricites, pi. 30, f. 31. Adherent, stony, frondescent, 

 with depressed subfoliaceous lobes. American seas. 



2. STARS TERMINAL. 



Finiffia arjariciformis ; free, stony, simple, orbicu- 

 lar, or oblong, convex and lamellar above. Indian 

 seas. Ci/dolites; free, stony, elliptical or orbicular, 

 convex and lamellar above, with a hollow centre, de- 

 pressed below. Turbinolia; free, simple, turbinated, or 



68, animal fully expanded. Sarcinula; free, stony, con- 

 sisting of a simple, polypiferous, and thick mass. St//- 

 lina- mass stony, simple, exteriorly rough ; tubes nu- 

 merous. 



SECTION IV. 



With a stony polypiferous, solid, and interiorly com- 

 pact mass: cells perforated, or tubular, and destitute of 

 lamince. Titbipora mmica, pi. 30, f. 34. Stony, com- 

 posed of cylindrical tubes, which are straight, and in- 

 dividually separate. Indian seas. Fig. 66 is a mag- 

 nified portion of the tubes. Catcmpora; stony, com- 

 posed of parallel tubes, inserted in the thickness of 

 vertical plates, anastomosed like net-work. Favoxites; 

 stony, simple, variable in form, composed of parallel 

 prismatic tubes. Milkpora cult-area, pi. 30, f. 35. Stony, 

 interiorly solid, polymorphous, branched, or fronde- 



iree, stony, oroicuiar, aepressea, or slightly concave. 

 Lunulites; free, stony,orbicular, depressed. Ovulites; free, 

 stony, egg-shaped, or cylindrical; known only in a fossil 

 state. 



SECTION V. 



Polypiferous masses of a substony consistence, with 

 frondescent or crustaceous expansions ; cells small, short, 

 sometimes in a regular series, at other times irregular, 

 and usually disposed at the surface of the expansions 

 of marine substances. Daclylopora; free, stony, cylin- 

 drical, obtuse at one extremity, contracted and perfor- 

 ate at the other. Occllaria; stony, depressed as a mem- 

 brane, variously twisted, somewhat funnel-shaped. 

 Alreolites; stony, either forming incrustations, or a free 

 mass disposed in numerous concentric layers, covering 

 one another. Retepora ccllulosa, pi. 30, f. 36. Stony, 

 interiorly porous, with thin depressed expansion's. 

 Adeona; nearly stony, caulescent, or fan-shaped. Es- 

 diarafoliacea, pi. 30, f. 37. Nearly stony, but not flexi- 

 ble. Cellepora pumicosa, pi. 30, f. 38." Nearly stony, 

 interiorly porous, spreading in a raised, foliaceous crust. 

 Fig. 39 is a magnified view of this mass of polypi. 

 European seas. Discopora; subcrustaceous, depressed, 

 extended in an undulated, discoid, stony plate, with 

 the upper surface cellular. Tubtdipora tranwersa, pi. 

 30, f. 40. Consisting of a parasitical or incrusting mass, 

 with submembranous cells disposed in clusters or series, 

 and mostly free. Fig. 41, one of the warts magnified. 

 Fig. 42 represents one of the particles of which the 

 crust is composed. Mediterranean, f lustra foliacea, 

 pi. 30, f. 12. Flexible, submembranous, stony and fron- 

 descent, or consisting of n thin crust, formed of contigu- 

 ous cells. Fig. 1 is a magnified view of the cells. 

 European seas. Fh'ntra carbasea, pi. 30, f. 61, i? the 



