INDEX. 



659 



on shore, ib., 356; fresh water, 358; living land shells, 

 ib.; fossil shells, their variety and condition, ib. ; see 

 also, i. 22, n. ; all the spoil of some animal, ib. ; his- 

 torians of this class of nature, ib., 359; uses and value 

 of shells, 358, n. See Concholoyy. 



Shell-fish, claims to be considered as fish, ii. 326; the 

 two tribes of, ib.j crustaceous, characterised, ib.; 

 testaceous, 347. 



Shepherd's dog, described, i. 388; patience and faithful- 

 ness of the, ib. ; hardiness, ib. 



Shores, often a defence against the sea,i. 96; different 

 appearances of, ib., 97. 



Short- siuhtednefs,i. 194. See Vision. 



Shovelkr, ii. 1 85 1 87. See Spoonbill. 



Shrew-mole, account of the, i. 461, n. 



Shrikes. See Butcher-bird. 



Shrimp tribe, the food of the whale, ii. 253; process of 

 casting its shell, 328, n.; shrimps described, 331, n. 



Siamang, a long-armed ape, i. 498, n. 



Silk, historical account of, ii. 507, n. 



Silk-worm, ignorance of the ancients with respect to the, 

 ii. 507; when first brought into Europe, 508; the des- 

 cribed, ib. and n.; the two methods of breeding the, 

 509; in the warm climates of the East, 510; in Europe, 

 ib.;form,c. of the apartment in which it is bred, 

 ib.; provision of leaves, ib.; air, ib.; progress of the 

 worm, ib.; its formation of the silk-cone, 511; the 

 thread described, ib.; its change into the winged 

 state, ib.; male and female, ib.; eggs, ib.; method of 

 unwinding the thread, ib. 



Simoom, described, i. 10, n., 126. 



Singing-birds, their notes described, ii. 137; American, 

 1 46. 



Sirli, a species of lark, ii. 151, n. 



Sirocco ivind, notice of, i. 128, n. 



Siskins, birds resembling the linnets, ii. 1 58, n. 



Size of the human body, its varieties, i. 176; variations, 

 ib., 177. 



Skate, the, discriminated, ii. 273; characteristics of the 

 rays or skates, ii. 276, n. ; the long-nosed skate, ib. ; 

 the blue skate, ib.; the sharp-nosed ray, 277, .; the 

 thornback, ib. 



Skin, effects of age on the human, i. 205. 



Skink, a kind of stinkard, described, i. 421. 



Skuas, sea-birds, account of the, i. 215. 



Slatberg in Iceland, disruption of the mountain of, i. 

 64. 



Steep increases the weight of the body, i. 177; necessary 

 to all animals, 183; most of all to man, 187; some ani- 

 mals spend much time in, ib. ; effects of the want of, 

 on man, ib.; cause of unknown, 188; effects of. ib. ; 

 physiology of, ib., w.; instances of somnambulism, 189; 

 much required by the studious, ib. ; a German stu- 

 dent performed his tasks during, 1 90; story of a sleep- 

 walker, ib. 



Slips of mountains, land-slips, i. 63; snow-slips, 64. 



Sloth, varieties of the, i. 557; description of the, ib. and 

 n.; spends its whole life on trees, ib.,ra.; Waterton's 

 account of the, 558, n.; its method of scrambling on 

 the ground, ib. ; its structure and habits, 559 ; whether 

 an unfinished quadruped, ib.; abstinence, ib. 



Smelling, an inferior sense in man, i. 2(JO; power of, pos- 

 sessed by some nations, ib. ; uses of ib.; the taste of 

 different nations in respect to the objects of, 201 

 and n. ; sense of, possessed by birds, ii. 3. 



Snail, the garden, its process in forming its shell des- 

 cribed, ii. 348; organs of the, 359, 360; horns and eyes 

 on the two uppermost, 360; organs of generation, ib.; 

 coupling, ib.; eggs, ib. ; growth of the shell, 361; 

 can mend its shell when broken, ib.; not make a 

 new one, ib.; method of motion, ib.; slime, ib. ; ap- 

 petite, 362; killed by salt, &c. ib. ; torpidity, and 

 manner of burying itself, ib. ; awakening, and voracity, 

 ib.; varieties of the snail, ib.; the fresh -water, ib.; its 

 peculiarities, ib. ; manner of rising to the surface, ib. ; 

 viviparous, ib.; brought forth with the stony coat, 

 363; sea- snails, ib. ; manner of impregnation, ib. ; want 

 horns, ib. ; convolutions of the shell, ib. ; the trochus 

 kind, ib. ; the nautilus, 364. 



the sea, whence the name, ii. 289; the, described, 



290; account of the garden snail, 359, 360, n. 



Snake, the black, the largest of English serpents des- 

 cribed, ii. 427; not venomous, ib. and n.; manner of 

 attack, and how repelled, ib.; prey of the, 428; ovi- 

 parous, ib. ; torpid in winter, ib. See Serpents. 



Snake-root, Virginian, the best cure for the bite of the 



rattle-snake, ii. 423. 

 Sneezing, description of, i. 171, n. 

 Snipes, described, ii. 191, n.; the double snipe, ib.; the 



little snipe, ib. ; the common snipe, 1 92, n. 

 Sobbing, whence it proceeds, i. 171 and n. 

 Solan goose, ii. 208. See Gannet. 

 Sole-fish, described, ii. 300, n. 

 Soffatara, valley of, exhibits the effects of earthquakes, 



Solon, his opinion of the beauty of the pheasant, ii. 72. 



Sound, reflection of, i. 1 16; transmitted by the undula- 

 tion of the air, ib., n. ; how produced^ 196; how ren- 

 dered a tone, ib.; reflected, 198. 



Soiv. See Hog. 



Spalax, or blind rat, i. 461, n. 



Spaniards, their value for asses, i. 264. 



Spaniel, the large and small water, described, i. 3IK), 

 39], n. and 394. See Dog. 



Sparroiv, the, its habits described, ii. 1 35 and 1 36, n. 



kind, birds of the, their abode near man, ii. 130; 



why they avoid forests, ib. ; attachment to places, ib. ; 

 accounts of their flights and passages, 1 31 ; arts of the 

 bird-catcher to take them, ib. ; contentions of the, 

 132; singing, proper to the male, ib.; the female, nest, 

 and young, ib. 135; paring of the, 135; chastity, des- 

 cribed by Addison, ib. ; exceptions, ib. ; resemblances 

 among the, ib.; classification, 136; slender-billed, ib.; 

 their food, ib. ; and song, ib. ; thick-billed, ib. ; their 

 food, 137: note, ib.; those of passage, ib. ; their sea- 

 sons of migration, ib. 



Sparrow-hawk, ii. 46, n. 



Sparus, a prickly-finned fish, ii. 297. 



Spawn offislies, account of the, ii. 247, 248; estimate of 

 its immense amount, 249, 250. 



Speech, acquisition of, by infants, i. 1 63. 



Spermaceti, found in the head of the cachalot, ii. 263; 

 how distributed there, 264; uses of, ib.; how the 

 whole oil of the fish convertible into, ib. ; where the 

 whales that yield it, abound, ib. n. 



Spermatic Animalcules, 638 et seq. ; discovered by Leeu- 

 wenhoeck and Hartsocker, ib.; hypothesis concern- 

 ing, ib.; Leeuwenhoeck's observations, ib. ; animal- 

 cules in the human semen, ib.; in that of a cod-fish, 

 639; general discoveries by Leeuwenhoeck in this de- 

 partment, ib.; objections to his discoveries, answered, 

 ib.; BufFon's notions concerning the sperm animals, 

 ib. ; BufFon's errors, ib. ; Needham's hypothesis, 640 ; 

 his reasonings regarding the seminal animal of the 

 calmar, ib.; BufFon's remarks thereon, ib.; the funda- 

 mental error exposed, ib. ; wild speculations concern- 

 ing the seminal animals, ib.; desirable to elicit more 

 information concerning them, ib. 



Spider, the, described, ii. 448 453 and n.; construction 

 of its web, 449, n. ; different kinds of spiders, 455, .; 

 remarkable nest of one, 448 and n. 



Spinous fishes, how distinguished by their gills, ii. 293; 

 numerous species, ib.; systems ib. ; Artedi's, ib. ; 

 Linnams', ib.; Gouan's, 294; particulars of, with des- 

 criptions, 294 307; uniformity of their description 

 307, 308; their bones, ib.; proportion of, to the fins, 

 ib. ; live but a short time out of water, 309 ; excep- 

 tions, ib. ; passage of some from salt to fresh water, 

 ib.; some from fresh towards salt to spawn, ib.; fishes 

 of passage, ib.; the cod, 310; haddock and mackarel, 

 310; herring, ib., 311; pilchard, 312 314; their im- 

 mense numbers, 314; their numbers in the Indian 

 ocean, 318; whether they come from the egg perfectly 

 formed, ib. ; white bait, ib, impregnation, ib.; growth 

 ib.; live on one another, ib.; the dorado, 319; warfan 

 in fresh water, ib. ; diffidence of fresli water fish, ib. 

 320; voracity of the pike, 322; torpidity in winter, ib. 

 323; diseases, 324; poisonous qualities of some, ib. 

 how caused, ib. 



Sponges belong to tlie polypi, ii. 564, n.; different species 

 of,' 570, n. 



Spoonbill, the, described, ii. 185, 186 and n. ; the Euro- 

 pean, 186 ; the American, ib. ; fine colour and uncouth 

 shape, ib.; habits, ib. and n. ; food, ib.; nest and 

 young, 187; white spoonbill, 18n,ra.; roseate spoonbill, 

 ib. 



touts, water, one in the Mediterranean described by 

 Tournefort, i. 143; their origin, 144; dreaded by m;ir- 

 iners, ib. 



Sprat, or Garvie Herriruj, description of the, ii. 317, n. 



