ELIZABETHAN FLOWER GARDEN. 127 



whitish or blewish pebble stones " this method Parkinson puts 

 last in his list, " for it is the latest invention .... and maketh 

 a pretty handsome shew." It seems strange that such a simple 

 thing as stones for edging should not have been thought of 

 before. Within these edgings, the " open knots " were filled with 

 flowers, " all planted in some proportion as neare one unto 

 another as is fit for them," which " will give such grace to the 

 garden that the place will seem like a piece of tapestry of many 

 glorious colours." Parkinson divides the flowers to be planted in 

 gardens roughly into two sections, " English Flowers," and 

 "Outlandish Flowers." Among English flowers he names all 

 those we have already noticed as being grown in earlier times, 

 such as primroses, daisies, marigolds, gilloflowers, violets, roses, 

 and columbines, and among outlandish flowers, or "flowers 

 that being strangers unto us, and giving the beauty and bravery 

 of their colours so early, before many of our own-bred 

 flowers, the more to entice us to their delight .... are 

 almost in all places, with all persons, especially with the 

 better sort of the gentry of the Land," "namely Daffodils, 

 Fritillarias, Jacinths, Saffron-flowers, Lillies, Flowerdeluces, 

 Tulipas, Anemones, French cowslips or Bears' Ears, and a 

 number of suchlike flowers, very beautiful, delightful, and 

 pleasant." 



The number of " outlandish " flowers grown in our gardens 

 was rapidly increasing. All through this period, flowers were 

 coming in, both from the Old and the New World. The 

 following are a few among the best known of these importa- 

 tions : " The Crown Imperial," both orange and yellow, and 

 varieties of the small Fritillary, then called the "Turkic, or 

 Guiniehen flower, or chequered daffodil." The hardy cyclamen 

 (europoeum) ; the Lobelia cardinalis, the Passion flower (Passi- 

 flora incarnate), or " Virgin climer." The Christmas rose, 

 Helleborus niger, niger angustifolius and vernalis. The common 

 white lilac, or " pipe tree," and syringa (Philadelphus coronarius); 

 also the common cotoneaster and laburnum ; several species of 

 martagon lilies ; the common yellow jasmine ; the sweet-scented 

 marvel "of Peru and evening primrose, and the hardy spiderworts ; 

 the African marigold, and sunflowers and larkspurs, both annual 



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